Ọnụ ego kacha mma Osisi Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

Nature

Indoleacetic acid bụ ihe dị ndụ. Ngwaahịa dị ọcha bụ kristal akwụkwọ na-enweghị agba ma ọ bụ ntụ kristal. Ọ na-agbanwe agba mgbe e kpugheere ya ìhè. Ebe ịgbaze 165-166℃ (168-170℃). A na-agbaze na ethanol anhydrous, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, a na-agbaze na ether na acetone. A naghị agbaze na benzene, toluene, petrol na chloroform. A naghị agbaze na mmiri, ihe ngwọta mmiri ya nwere ike ire ere site na ìhè ultraviolet, mana ọ kwụsiri ike na ìhè a na-ahụ anya. Nnu sodium na potassium siri ike karịa acid ahụ n'onwe ya ma dị mfe ịgbaze na mmiri. A na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa na 3-methylindole (skatine). Ọ nwere ihe abụọ na uto osisi, akụkụ dị iche iche nke osisi ahụ nwekwara mmetụta dị iche iche na ya, n'ozuzu mgbọrọgwụ ahụ buru ibu karịa ka osisi ahụ buru ibu karịa ogwe osisi ahụ. Osisi dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ya.

Ụzọ nkwadebe

A na-emepụta 3-indole acetonitrile site na mmeghachi omume nke indole, formaldehyde na potassium cyanide na 150℃, 0.9~1MPa, wee jiri potassium hydroxide mee ka ọ dị mmiri mmiri. Ma ọ bụ site na mmeghachi omume nke indole na glycolic acid. N'ime autoclave ígwè anaghị agba nchara nke 3L, etinyere 270g(4.1mol)85% potassium hydroxide, 351g(3mol) indole, wee jiri nwayọ tinye mmiri mmiri 360g(3.3mol)70% hydroxyacetic acid hydroxy acetic acid. Emechiri emechi kpo oku ruo 250℃, na-akpali ya ruo awa 18. Jụụ ya ruo n'okpuru 50℃, tinye mmiri 500ml, ma gwakọta ya na 100℃ maka nkeji 30 iji gbazee potassium indole-3-acetate. Jụụ ya ruo 25℃, wụsa ihe autoclave n'ime mmiri, ma tinye mmiri ruo mgbe olu zuru oke ga-abụ 3L. E jiri 500ml ethyl ether wepụta oyi akwa mmiri ahụ, tinye acid hydrochloric na 20-30℃, wee tinye acid indole-3-acetic. A ga-asa ya na mmiri oyi, kpoo ya ka ọ ghara ịpụta ìhè, ihe dị ka 455-490g.

Mmetụta biochemical dị

Akụ na ụba

Ọ dị mfe ịgbari n'ìhè na ikuku, ọ bụghị nchekwa siri ike. Ọ dị mma maka mmadụ na anụmanụ. Ọ na-agbari na mmiri ọkụ, ethanol, acetone, ether na ethyl acetate, ọ na-agbari ntakịrị na mmiri, benzene, na chloroform; Ọ na-adịgide na ngwọta alkaline ma a na-agbari ya na obere mmanya 95% wee gbazee ya na mmiri ruo n'ókè kwesịrị ekwesị mgbe e ji kristal ngwaahịa dị ọcha kwadebe ya.

Jiri

A na-eji ya dịka ihe na-akpali uto osisi na ihe nyocha. 3-indole acetic acid na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka 3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile na ascorbic acid dị n'okike n'okike. Ihe na-ebute 3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis n'osisi bụ tryptophan. Ọrụ bụ isi nke auxin bụ ịchịkwa uto osisi, ọ bụghị naanị ịkwalite uto, kamakwa igbochi uto na iwuli akụkụ ahụ. Auxin abụghị naanị na ọnọdụ efu na mkpụrụ ndụ osisi, kamakwa ọ dị na bound auxin nke jikọtara ya na biopolymeric acid, wdg. Auxin na-etolitekwa njikọ na ihe pụrụ iche, dị ka indole-acetyl asparagine, apentose indole-acetyl glucose, wdg. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ nchekwa nke auxin na sel, yana usoro iwepụ nsị nke auxin gabigara ókè.

Mmetụta

Osisi auxin. Mmiri ọgwụ na-eto eto nke a na-ahụkarị n'osisi bụ indoleacetic acid. Indoleacetic acid nwere ike ịkwalite mmepụta nke isi osisi, ome, mkpụrụ osisi, wdg. Ihe na-ebute ya bụ tryptophan. Indoleacetic acid bụhomonụ uto osisiSomatin nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta anụ ahụ, nke metụtara njupụta ya. Njupụta dị ala nwere ike ịkwalite uto, njupụta dị elu ga-egbochi uto ma ọbụna mee ka osisi nwụọ, mgbochi a metụtara ma ọ nwere ike ịkpalite mmepụta nke ethylene. Mmetụta anụ ahụ nke auxin na-apụta ìhè n'ọkwa abụọ. Na ọkwa sel, auxin nwere ike ịkpalite nkewa nke sel cambium; Na-akpali ịgbatị mkpụrụ ndụ alaka na igbochi uto mkpụrụ ndụ mgbọrọgwụ; Na-akwalite ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ xylem na phloem, na-akwalite mgbọrọgwụ ịkpụ ntutu ma na-achịkwa morphogenesis callus. Na ọkwa akụkụ ahụ na osisi dum, auxin na-arụ ọrụ site na mkpụrụ ruo na ntozu mkpụrụ osisi. Auxin na-achịkwa ogologo mesocotyl seedling na mgbochi ọkụ uhie a na-agbanwe agbanwe; Mgbe ebufere indoleacetic acid na akụkụ ala nke alaka ahụ, alaka ahụ ga-emepụta geotropism. Phototropism na-eme mgbe ebufere indoleacetic acid na akụkụ azụ nke alaka ndị ahụ. Indoleacetic acid kpatara oke apex. Ibelata ịka nká nke akwụkwọ; Auxin na-etinye n'akwụkwọ na-egbochi abscission, ebe auxin na-etinye ya na nsọtụ abscission nke na-akwalite abscission. Auxin na-akwalite okooko osisi, na-akpali mmepe parthenocarpy, ma na-egbu oge ịcha mkpụrụ osisi.

Tinye akwụkwọ

Acid Indoleacetic nwere ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche na ọtụtụ ojiji, mana a naghị eji ya eme ihe n'ihi na ọ dị mfe imebi n'ime na n'èzí osisi. Na mbido, e ji ya kpalite mkpụrụ osisi parthenocarpous na mkpụrụ osisi. N'oge ntoju, e tinyere okooko osisi ahụ na mmiri mmiri 3000 mg/l iji mepụta mkpụrụ osisi tomato na-enweghị mkpụrụ ma melite ọnụego ntọala mkpụrụ osisi. Otu n'ime ojiji mbụ bụ ịkwalite mgbọrọgwụ nke mkpụcha. Itinye ntọala nke mkpụcha osisi na 100 ruo 1000 mg/l nke ọgwụ nwere ike ịkwalite mmepe nke mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi tii, osisi gum, osisi oak, metasequoia, ose na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, ma mee ka ọnụego mmepụta nri dịkwuo ngwa ngwa. Ejiri 1 ~ 10 mg/l indoleacetic acid na 10 mg/L oxamyline kwalite mgbọrọgwụ nke mkpụrụ osisi osikapa. 25 ruo 400 mg/l nke mmiri mmiri chrysanthemum otu ugboro (n'ime awa 9 nke fotoperiod), nwere ike igbochi mpụta nke okooko osisi, na-egbu oge okooko. Ịtọlite ​​n'oge anwụ na-acha ogologo ruo 10-5 mol/l nke a na-agba otu ugboro, nwere ike ime ka okooko osisi ndị inyom dịkwuo elu. Ịgwọ mkpụrụ beet na-akwalite uto ma na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi mgbọrọgwụ na shuga dịkwuo elu.

Okwu Mmalite maka auxin
Okwu Mmalite

Auxin (auxin) bụ otu ụdị homonụ endogenous nke nwere mgbanaka aromatic na-enweghị afọ ojuju na acetic acid single chain, mkpọpụta Bekee IAA, nke mba ụwa na-ahụkarị, bụ indole acetic acid (IAA). Na 1934, Guo Ge et al. chọpụtara ya dị ka indole acetic acid, yabụ ọ bụ omenala iji indole acetic acid dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka auxin. A na-emepụta Auxin n'ime akwụkwọ ndị toro eto na apical meristem, a na-agbakọtakwa ya site n'elu ruo na ntọala site na njem ogologo oge nke phloem. Mgbọrọgwụ na-emepụta auxin, nke a na-ebuga site na ala ruo na ala. Auxin na osisi na-etolite site na tryptophan site na usoro nke etiti. Ụzọ bụ isi bụ site na indoleacetaldehyde. Enwere ike ịmepụta Indole acetaldehyde site na oxidation na deamination nke tryptophan gaa na indole pyruvate wee decarboxylated, ma ọ bụ enwere ike ịmepụta ya site na oxidation na deamination nke tryptophan gaa na tryptamine. A na-emegharị indole acetaldehyde ka ọ bụrụ indole acetic acid. Ụzọ ọzọ e si emepụta ya bụ mgbanwe nke tryptophan site na indole acetonitrile gaa na indole acetic acid. Enwere ike ime ka indoleacetic acid ghara ịrụ ọrụ site na ijikọ ya na aspartic acid na indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol gaa na indoleacetic acid gaa na inositol, glucose gaa na glucoside, na protein gaa na indoleacetic acid-protein complex na osisi. Bound indoleacetic acid na-abụkarị ihe dị ka 50-90% nke indoleacetic acid na osisi, nke nwere ike ịbụ ụdị nchekwa nke auxin na anụ ahụ osisi. Enwere ike ịgbaze indoleacetic acid site na oxidation nke indoleacetic acid, nke a na-ahụkarị na anụ ahụ osisi. Auxins nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta anụ ahụ, nke metụtara ntinye ha. Obere ntinye nwere ike ịkwalite uto, nnukwu ntinye ga-egbochi uto ma ọbụna mee ka osisi nwụọ, mgbochi a metụtara ma ọ nwere ike ịkpalite nhazi nke ethylene. Mmetụta anụ ahụ nke auxin na-apụta ìhè na ọkwa abụọ. N'ọkwa sel, auxin nwere ike ịkpalite nkewa sel cambium; Na-akpali ịgbatị mkpụrụ ndụ alaka na igbochi uto mkpụrụ ndụ mgbọrọgwụ; Na-akwalite ọdịiche mkpụrụ ndụ xylem na phloem, na-akwalite mgbọrọgwụ ịkpụ ntutu ma na-achịkwa morphogenesis callus. Na ọkwa akụkụ ahụ na osisi dum, auxin na-arụ ọrụ site na mkpụrụ ruo na ntozu mkpụrụ. Auxin na-achịkwa ogologo mesocotyl seedling na mgbochi ọkụ uhie a na-agbanwe agbanwe; Mgbe ebufere indoleacetic acid gaa n'akụkụ ala nke alaka ahụ, alaka ahụ ga-emepụta geotropism. Phototropism na-eme mgbe ebufere indoleacetic acid gaa n'akụkụ azụ nke alaka ndị ahụ. Indoleacetic acid kpatara oke apex. Igbu oge ịrahụ ụra akwụkwọ; Auxin etinyere na akwụkwọ gbochiri abscission, ebe auxin etinyere na njedebe dị nso nke abscission kwalitere abscission. Auxin na-akwalite okooko osisi, na-akpali mmepe parthenocarpy, ma na-egbu oge ịcha mkpụrụ osisi. Mmadụ wepụtara echiche nke ndị na-anabata hormone. Onye na-anabata hormone bụ nnukwu ihe mejupụtara sel molekul nke na-ejikọ kpọmkwem na hormone kwekọrọ wee malite usoro mmeghachi omume. Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke indoleacetic acid na receptor nwere mmetụta abụọ: nke mbụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na protein membrane, na-emetụta acidification nke etiti, mbufe ion pump na mgbanwe nrụgide, nke bụ mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa (< nkeji 10); Nke abụọ bụ ime ihe na nucleic acid, na-akpata mgbanwe na mgbidi sel na njikọ protein, nke bụ mmeghachi omume nwayọ (nkeji 10). Acid dị n'etiti bụ ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka uto sel. Indoleacetic acid nwere ike ime ka enzyme ATP (adenosine triphosphate) rụọ ọrụ na akpụkpọ ahụ plasma, kpalie ion hydrogen ka ọ na-asọpụta na sel, belata uru pH nke etiti ahụ, ka enzyme ahụ wee rụọ ọrụ, mee ka polysaccharide nke mgbidi sel ahụ dị nro, ka mgbidi sel ahụ wee gbasaa sel ahụ. Ntinye nke indoleacetic acid mere ka a hụ usoro RNA (mRNA) kpọmkwem, nke gbanwere njikọ protein. Ọgwụgwọ indoleacetic acid gbanweekwara ike nke mgbidi sel ahụ, na-ekwe ka uto sel gaa n'ihu. Mmetụta nkwalite uto nke auxin bụ isi ịkwalite uto sel, ọkachasị ịgbatị nke sel, ọ nweghịkwa mmetụta na nkewa sel. Akụkụ osisi ahụ nke na-enwe mmetụta nke mkpali ìhè dị na nsọtụ ogwe osisi ahụ, mana akụkụ gbagọrọ agbagọ dị na ala nsọtụ ahụ, nke bụ n'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ dị n'okpuru nsọtụ ahụ na-eto ma na-agbasa, ọ bụkwa oge kachasị dị nro maka auxin, yabụ auxin nwere mmetụta kachasị na uto ya. Hormone uto anụ ahụ na-aka nká anaghị arụ ọrụ. Ihe kpatara auxin ji kwalite mmepe nke mkpụrụ osisi na mgbọrọgwụ nke mkpụcha bụ na auxin nwere ike ịgbanwe nkesa nke nri na osisi ahụ, a na-enwetakwa ọtụtụ nri na akụkụ ahụ nwere nkesa auxin bara ụba, na-emepụta ebe nkesa. Auxin nwere ike ịkpalite mmepe nke tomato na-enweghị mkpụrụ n'ihi na mgbe ejiri auxin gwọọ mkpụrụ tomato na-enweghị fatịlaịza, ovary nke tomato na-aghọ ebe nkesa nke nri, a na-ebugakwa nri ndị sitere na photosynthesis nke akwụkwọ na ovary mgbe niile, ovary na-etolitekwa.

Mmepụta, njem na nkesa

Isi akụkụ nke mmepụta auxin bụ anụ ahụ meristant, ọkachasị obere akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ, na mkpụrụ osisi na-eto eto. Auxin na-ekesa n'akụkụ niile nke ahụ osisi, mana ọ na-etolite n'akụkụ uto siri ike, dịka coleopedia, buds, root apex meristem, cambium, mkpụrụ na mkpụrụ osisi na-etolite. E nwere ụzọ atọ nke ibufe auxin n'ime osisi: ibufe n'akụkụ, ibufe polar na ibufe na-abụghị polar. Ibufe n'akụkụ (ibufe azụ azụ nke auxin n'ọnụ coleoptile nke ìhè otu akụkụ kpatara, ibufe n'akụkụ dị nso nke auxin na mgbọrọgwụ na ogwe osisi mgbe ọ na-agafe). Ibufe polar (site na nsọtụ elu nke morphology ruo na nsọtụ ala nke morphology). Ibufe na-abụghị polar (na anụ ahụ tozuru okè, auxin nwere ike ịbụ nke na-abụghị polar ebufe site na phloem).

Ihe abụọ nke ọrụ physiological

Mbelata nke mkpụrụ osisi na-akwalite uto, mmụba nke mkpụrụ osisi na-egbochi uto. Akụkụ osisi dị iche iche nwere ihe dị iche iche achọrọ maka ntinye kachasị mma nke mkpụrụ osisi auxin. Ntinye kachasị mma dị ihe dị ka 10E-10mol/L maka mgbọrọgwụ, 10E-8mol/L maka mkpụrụ osisi na 10E-5mol/L maka mkpụrụ osisi. A na-ejikarị ihe ndị yiri Auxin (dị ka naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, wdg) eme ihe iji chịkwaa uto osisi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-emepụta mkpụrụ osisi agwa, a na-eji ntinye dị mma maka uto mkpụrụ osisi agwọ ọrịa mkpụrụ osisi agwa. N'ihi ya, a na-egbochi mgbọrọgwụ na mkpụrụ osisi, a na-emekwa ka mkpụrụ osisi ndị sitere na hypocotyl too nke ọma. Uru kachasị nke uto mkpụrụ osisi na-adabere na njirimara njem nke osisi maka auxin na mmetụta anụ ahụ abụọ nke auxin. Mkpuru osisi nke osisi bụ akụkụ kachasị arụ ọrụ n'imepụta auxin, mana mkpokọta auxin nke a na-emepụta na mkpuru osisi a na-ebuga ya mgbe niile na mkpuru osisi site na njem na-arụ ọrụ, yabụ mkpokọta auxin na mkpuru osisi apex n'onwe ya adịghị elu, ebe mkpokọta na mkpuru osisi na-eto eto dị elu. Ọ kacha mma maka uto mkpuru osisi, mana ọ na-enwe mmetụta mgbochi na mkpuru osisi. Ka mkpuru osisi auxin dị elu n'ọnọdụ dị nso na mkpuru osisi dị elu, otú ahụ ka mmetụta mgbochi na mkpuru osisi dị n'akụkụ sikwuo ike, nke bụ ya mere ọtụtụ osisi dị ogologo ji etolite ọdịdị pagoda. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị osisi niile nwere oke mkpuru osisi siri ike, ụfọdụ osisi na-amalitekwa ịla n'iyi ma ọ bụ ọbụna belata mgbe mkpuru osisi apex ahụ tolitere ruo oge ụfọdụ, na-efunahụ oke mkpuru osisi mbụ, yabụ ọdịdị osisi nke osisi ahụ abụghị pagoda. N'ihi na nnukwu mkpuru osisi auxin nwere mmetụta nke igbochi uto osisi, mmepụta nke nnukwu mkpuru osisi auxin nwekwara ike iji dị ka ahịhịa ọgwụ, ọkachasị maka ahịhịa dicotyledonous.

Ihe ndị yiri ya bụ Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D. Ebe ọ bụ na auxin dị obere n'ime osisi, ọ dịghịkwa mfe ichekwa ya. Iji chịkwaa uto osisi, site na mmepụta kemịkalụ, ndị mmadụ achọtala ihe ndị yiri ya bụ auxin, nke nwere mmetụta yiri ya ma nwee ike imepụta ọtụtụ ihe, a na-ejikwa ya eme ihe nke ukwuu n'ihe gbasara mmepụta ugbo. Mmetụta nke ike ndọda ụwa na nkesa auxin: uto ndabere nke osisi na uto ala nke mgbọrọgwụ bụ ihe kpatara ike ndọda ụwa, ihe kpatara ya bụ na ike ndọda ụwa na-akpata nkesa na-adịghị mma nke auxin, nke na-ekesa karịa n'akụkụ dị nso nke osisi ma na-ekesa obere na akụkụ azụ. N'ihi na oke auxin kacha mma na osisi dị elu, auxin ka ukwuu n'akụkụ dị nso nke osisi kwalitere ya, ya mere akụkụ dị nso nke osisi toro ngwa ngwa karịa akụkụ azụ, ma nọgide na-eto uto elu nke osisi. Maka mgbọrọgwụ, n'ihi na oke mkpokọta auxin dị na mgbọrọgwụ dị obere nke ukwuu, auxin dị nso n'akụkụ ala nwere mmetụta mgbochi na uto nke mkpụrụ ndụ mgbọrọgwụ, yabụ uto nke akụkụ dị nso n'ala dị nwayọ karịa nke akụkụ azụ, a na-ejikwa uto geotropic nke mgbọrọgwụ. Na-enweghị ike ndọda, mgbọrọgwụ anaghị eto ngwa ngwa. Mmetụta nke enweghị ibu na uto osisi: uto mgbọrọgwụ na-aga n'ala na uto osisi si n'ala na-akpata site na ike ndọda ụwa, nke na-akpata nkesa na-adịghị mma nke auxin n'okpuru mkpali nke ike ndọda ụwa. N'ọnọdụ enweghị ibu nke oghere, n'ihi mfu nke ike ndọda, uto nke ogwe osisi ahụ ga-efunahụ azụ ya, mgbọrọgwụ ga-efunahụkwa njirimara nke uto ala. Agbanyeghị, uru kachasị nke uto osisi ka dị, njem polar nke auxin anaghị emetụta site na ike ndọda.