Ọnụ ahịa kacha mma Osisi Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

Ndiure

Indoleacetic acid bụ ihe na-emepụta ihe.Ngwaahịa dị ọcha bụ kristal akwụkwọ na-enweghị agba ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ kristal.Ọ na-atụgharị na-acha uhie uhie ma ọ bụrụ na ìhè kpughee ya.Ebe mgbaze 165-166℃(168-170℃).Soluble na ethanol anhydrous, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, soluble na ether na acetone.Na-adịghị edozi na benzene, toluene, mmanụ ụgbọala na chloroform.Na-adịghị ike n'ime mmiri, ihe ngwọta ya nwere ike imebi site na ìhè ultraviolet, mana ọ kwụsiri ike na ìhè a na-ahụ anya.Nnu sodium na nnu potassium kwụsiri ike karịa acid n'onwe ya ma na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na mmiri.Ọ dị mfe decarboxylated ka ọ bụrụ 3-methylindole (skatine).Ọ nwere duality na-akụ osisi, na akụkụ dị iche iche nke osisi nwere dị iche iche uche ya, n'ozuzu mgbọrọgwụ bụ ibu karịa nwa osisi bụ ibu karịa azuokokoosisi.Osisi dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ya.

Usoro nkwadebe

A na-emepụta 3-indole acetonitrile site na mmeghachi omume nke indole, formaldehyde na potassium cyanide na 150 ℃, 0.9 ~ 1MPa, wee mee ka potassium hydroxide mee ya.Ma ọ bụ site na mmeghachi omume nke indole na glycolic acid.Na 3L igwe anaghị agba nchara autoclave, 270g (4.1mol) 85% potassium hydroxide, 351g (3mol) indole na-agbakwunyere, na mgbe ahụ 360g (3.3mol) 70% hydroxy acetic acid aqueous ngwọta na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ tinye.Emechiri kpo oku ruo 250 ℃, na-akpali maka awa 18.Jụụ n'okpuru 50 ℃, tinye 500ml mmiri, na-akpali na 100 ℃ maka 30min igbari potassium indole-3-acetate.Jụụ na 25 ℃, wụsa ihe autoclave n'ime mmiri ma gbakwunye mmiri ruo mgbe oke olu bụ 3L.E ji 500ml ethyl ether wepụta oyi akwa a, nke ejiri hydrochloric acid mee ya na 20-30 ℃, wee were indole-3-acetic acid mee ya.Nzacha, saa na mmiri oyi, kpoo ọkụ, ngwaahịa 455-490g.

Mmetụta biochemical

Ngwongwo

Na-emebi ngwa ngwa na ọkụ na ikuku, ọ bụghị nchekwa na-adịgide adịgide.Nchekwa maka mmadụ na anụmanụ.Soluble na mmiri ọkụ, ethanol, acetone, ether na ethyl acetate, obere soluble na mmiri, benzene, chloroform;Ọ kwụsiri ike na ngwọta alkaline na nke mbụ gbazere na obere mmanya 95% wee gbazee n'ime mmiri ka ọ bụrụ ego kwesịrị ekwesị mgbe a kwadebere ya na crystallization ngwaahịa dị ọcha.

Jiri

A na-eji ya dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali ihe ọkụkụ na reagent nyocha.3-indole acetic acid na ihe auxin ndị ọzọ dị ka 3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile na ascorbic acid dị adị na okike.Ihe mmalite nke 3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis na osisi bụ tryptophan.Ọrụ bụ isi nke auxin bụ ịhazi ihe ọkụkụ, ọ bụghị naanị iji kwalite uto, kamakwa igbochi uto na imepụta akụkụ ahụ.Ọ bụghị nanị na Auxin dị na steeti efu na mkpụrụ ndụ osisi, kamakwa ọ dị na auxin agbụ nke nwere njikọ siri ike na acid biopolymeric, wdg. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ usoro nchekwa nke auxin n'ime cell, yana usoro nsị iji wepụ nsi nke auxin ngafe.

Mmetụta

Osisi auxin.Hormone uto eke kachasị na osisi bụ indoleacetic acid.Indoleacetic acid nwere ike ịkwalite guzobe n'elu nwa osisi ọgwụgwụ nke osisi Ome, Ome, seedlings, wdg Ya precursor bụ tryptophan.Indoleacetic acid bụ aihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto.Somatin nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta physiological, nke metụtara itinye uche ya.Nlebara anya dị ala nwere ike ịkwalite uto, nnukwu itinye uche ga-egbochi uto na ọbụna mee ka osisi ahụ nwụọ, ihe mgbochi a metụtara ma ọ nwere ike ime ka e nwee ethylene.A na-egosipụta mmetụta physiological nke auxin na ọkwa abụọ.N'ọkwa cellular, auxin nwere ike ịkpalite nkewa cell cambium;Na-akpali akpali alaka cell elongation ma na-egbochi mgbọrọgwụ cell uto;Kwalite xylem na cell phloem dị iche iche, kwalite mgbọrọgwụ ịkpụ ntutu ma na-achịkwa callus morphogenesis.Na akụkụ ahụ na ọkwa osisi dum, auxin na-eme site na seedling ruo ntozu okè.Seedling mesocotyl elongation na-achịkwa Auxin na mgbochi ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie na-agbanwe agbanwe;Mgbe a na-ebufe acid indoleacetic n'akụkụ ala nke alaka ahụ, alaka ahụ ga-emepụta geotropism.Phototropism na-eme mgbe a na-ebufe acid indoleacetic n'akụkụ azụ nke alaka.Indoleacetic acid kpatara oke oke.gbuo oge senescence akwukwo;Auxin etinyere akwụkwọ na-egbochi abscission, ebe auxin etinyere na njedebe nso nke abscission na-akwalite abscission.Auxin na-akwalite ifuru, na-ebute mmepe parthenocarpy, na-egbu oge ịcha mkpụrụ.

Tinye

Indoleacetic acid nwere ụdịdị dị iche iche na ọtụtụ ojiji, mana a naghị eji ya eme ihe n'ihi na ọ dị mfe imebi na n'ime osisi.N'oge mmalite, a na-eji ya mee ka mkpụrụ osisi na-amịpụta mkpụrụ osisi nke parthenocarpous.N'oge oge ntoju, a na-etinye ifuru ahụ na mmiri 3000 mg/l iji mepụta mkpụrụ tomato na-enweghị mkpụrụ ma melite ọnụego nhazi mkpụrụ.Otu n'ime ihe mbụ a na-eji eme ihe bụ ịkwalite mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi.Ịkwanye isi nke mkpụrụ osisi na 100 ruo 1000 mg / l nke ngwọta ọgwụ nwere ike ịkwalite nhazi mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi tii, osisi chịngọm, osisi oak, metasequoia, ose na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, ma mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta ihe na-edozi ahụ dịkwuo elu.A na-eji 1 ~ 10 mg / l indoleacetic acid na 10 mg / L oxamyline mee ihe iji kwalite mgbọrọgwụ nke mkpụrụ osisi osikapa.25 ruo 400 mg / l nke mmiri mmiri na-efesa chrysanthemum otu ugboro (na awa 9 nke photoperiod), nwere ike igbochi mmalite nke ifuru ifuru, igbu oge okooko.Na-eto eto na ogologo anwụ na-acha 10 -5 mol / l nke a na-efesa otu ugboro, nwere ike ịbawanye ifuru nwanyị.Ịgwọ mkpụrụ osisi beet na-akwalite germination ma na-abawanye mkpụrụ tuber mgbọrọgwụ na ọdịnaya shuga.

Okwu mmalite na auxin
Okwu mmalite

Auxin (auxin) bụ klaasị nke homonụ endogenous nwere mgbanaka aromatic na-adịghị mma yana agbụ akụkụ acetic acid, abbreviation Bekee IAA, mba ụwa, bụ indole acetic acid (IAA).Na 1934, Guo Ge et al.Achọpụtara ya dị ka indole acetic acid, ya mere ọ bụ omenala iji indole acetic acid na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka auxin.A na-emepụta Auxin n'ime akwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto gbatịrị agbatị na apical meristem, ma na-akwakọba site n'elu ruo na isi site na njem dị anya nke phloem.Mgbọrọgwụ na-emepụtakwa auxin, nke a na-ebufe site na ala elu.A na-emepụta Auxin na osisi site na tryptophan site na usoro nke etiti.Ụzọ bụ isi bụ site na indoleacetaldehyde.Enwere ike ịmepụta Indole acetaldehyde site na oxidation na deamination nke tryptophan na indole pyruvate wee decarboxylated, ma ọ bụ enwere ike ịmepụta ya site na oxidation na deamination nke tryptophan na tryptamine.A na-emezigharị indole acetaldehyde ka ọ bụrụ indole acetic acid.Ụzọ ọzọ a pụrụ iji sịntetik bụ ntụgharị nke tryptophan site na indole acetonitrile na indole acetic acid.Enwere ike ịgbanyụ acid indoleacetic site na ijikọta aspartic acid na indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol na indoleacetic acid na inositol, glucose na glucoside, na protein na mgbagwoju indoleacetic acid-protein n'ime osisi.Bound indoleacetic acid na-abụkarị 50-90% nke indoleacetic acid na osisi, nke nwere ike ịbụ ụdị nchekwa auxin n'ime anụ ahụ osisi.Enwere ike imebi acid indoleacetic site na oxidation nke indoleacetic acid, nke a na-ahụkarị na anụ ahụ osisi.Auxins nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta physiological, nke metụtara itinye uche ha.Nlebara anya dị ala nwere ike ịkwalite uto, nnukwu itinye uche ga-egbochi uto na ọbụna mee ka osisi ahụ nwụọ, ihe mgbochi a metụtara ma ọ nwere ike ime ka e nwee ethylene.A na-egosipụta mmetụta physiological nke auxin na ọkwa abụọ.N'ọkwa cellular, auxin nwere ike ịkpalite nkewa cell cambium;Na-akpali akpali alaka cell elongation ma na-egbochi mgbọrọgwụ cell uto;Kwalite xylem na phloem cell iche, kwalite mgbọrọgwụ ịkpụ ntutu ma na-achịkwa callus morphogenesis.Na akụkụ ahụ na ọkwa osisi dum, auxin na-eme site na seedling ruo ntozu okè.Seedling mesocotyl elongation na-achịkwa Auxin na mgbochi ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie na-agbanwe agbanwe;Mgbe a na-ebufe acid indoleacetic n'akụkụ ala nke alaka ahụ, alaka ahụ ga-emepụta geotropism.Phototropism na-eme mgbe a na-ebufe acid indoleacetic n'akụkụ azụ nke alaka.Indoleacetic acid kpatara oke oke.gbuo oge senescence akwukwo;Auxin etinyere akwụkwọ na-egbochi abscission, ebe auxin etinyere na njedebe nso nke abscission na-akwalite abscission.Auxin na-akwalite ifuru, na-ebute mmepe parthenocarpy, na-egbu oge ịcha mkpụrụ.Otu onye chepụtara echiche nke ndị na-anabata homonụ.Onye na-anabata homonụ bụ nnukwu akụkụ sel molekụla nke jikọtara kpọmkwem na homonụ kwekọrọ wee malite usoro mmeghachi omume.Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke indoleacetic acid na onye na-anabata ya nwere mmetụta abụọ: nke mbụ, ọ na-eme ihe na-edozi ahụ na akpụkpọ ahụ, na-emetụta acidification nke ọkara, ion mgbapụta njem na mgbagwoju anya mgbanwe, nke bụ mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa.<10 nkeji);Nke abụọ bụ ime ihe na nucleic acid, na-eme ka mgbidi cell gbanwee na njikọ protein, nke bụ mmeghachi omume dị nwayọọ (nkeji 10).Ọkara acidification bụ ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka uto cell.Indoleacetic acid nwere ike rụọ ọrụ ATP (adenosine triphosphate) enzyme na akpụkpọ ahụ plasma, na-akpali ion hydrogen ka ọ pụta na cell, belata pH uru nke ọkara, nke mere na enzyme na-arụ ọrụ, hydrolyze polysaccharide nke mgbidi cell, ya mere. na mgbidi cell na-adị nro ma gbasaa cell ahụ.Nlekọta nke indoleacetic acid butere mpụta usoro nke onye ozi RNA (mRNA), nke gbanwere njikọ protein.Ọgwụgwọ Indoleacetic acid gbanwekwara ngbanwe nke mgbidi cell, na-ekwe ka uto cell gaa n'ihu.Mmetụta nkwalite uto nke auxin bụ tumadi iji kwalite uto nke mkpụrụ ndụ, ọkachasị elongation nke sel, ọ nweghịkwa mmetụta na nkewa sel.Akụkụ nke osisi ahụ na-enwe mmetụta ọkụ ọkụ dị n'ọnụ ọnụ nke azuokokoosisi, ma akụkụ ahụ na-ehulata dị n'akụkụ ala nke ọnụ, nke bụ n'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị n'okpuru ọnụ na-eto eto ma na-agbasawanye, ọ bụkwa ihe kachasị emetụ n'ahụ. oge iji auxin, ya mere auxin nwere mmetụta kachasị na uto ya.Hormone uto anụ ahụ ịka nká anaghị arụ ọrụ.Ihe mere auxin nwere ike kwalite mmepe nke mkpụrụ osisi na mgbọrọgwụ nke cuttings bụ na auxin nwere ike ịgbanwe nkesa nri na osisi, na ndị ọzọ nri na-enwetara na akụkụ na ọgaranya auxin nkesa, akpụ a nkesa center.Auxin nwere ike ime ka e guzobe tomato na-enweghị mkpụrụ n'ihi na mgbe a gwọchara mkpụrụ osisi tomato a na-adịghị fatịlaịza na auxin, ovary nke nwa osisi tomato na-aghọ ebe nkesa nri, na ihe oriri ndị sitere na photosynthesis nke akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu na-ebuga na ovary, na ovary na-etolite. .

Ọgbọ, njem na nkesa

Akụkụ bụ isi nke njikọ auxin bụ anụ ahụ na-emeri, tumadi buds na-eto eto, akwụkwọ, na mkpụrụ osisi na-eto eto.A na-ekesa Auxin n'akụkụ niile nke ahụ osisi, mana ọ na-etinye uche na akụkụ nke uto siri ike, dị ka coleopedia, buds, root apex meristem, cambium, mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi.Enwere ụzọ atọ nke ụgbọ njem auxin na osisi: njem n'akụkụ, njem polar na ụgbọ njem na-abụghị polar.Lateral iga (backlight iga nke auxin na n'ọnụ nke coleoptile mere site unilateral ìhè, nso-ala n'akụkụ iga nke auxin na mgbọrọgwụ na ị ga osisi mgbe transverse).Ụgbọ njem polar (site na njedebe elu nke morphology ruo na njedebe ala nke morphology).Ụgbọ njem ndị na-abụghị polar (na anụ ahụ tozuru okè, auxin nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-abụghị polar na-ebufe site na phloem).

The duality nke physiological edinam

Ntinye uche dị ala na-akwalite uto, itinye uche dị elu na-egbochi uto.Akụkụ osisi dị iche iche nwere ihe dị iche iche chọrọ maka ntinye kachasị mma nke auxin.Ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha mma bụ ihe dịka 10E-10mol/L maka mgbọrọgwụ, 10E-8mol/L maka buds na 10E-5mol/L maka ị ga.A na-ejikarị analogues Auxin (dị ka naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, wdg) na mmepụta iji chịkwaa uto osisi.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-emepụta mkpụrụ osisi agwa, a na-eji ntinye uche kwesịrị ekwesị maka uto azuokokoosisi na-agwọ ahịhịa.N'ihi ya, a na-egbochi mgbọrọgwụ na buds, na ị ga-emepụta site na hypocotyl nke ukwuu.A na-ekpebi uru kacha elu nke uto ahịhịa osisi site na njirimara njem nke osisi maka auxin na ọnụọgụ abụọ nke mmetụta auxin physiological.Akwukwo osisi nke osisi a bụ akụkụ kacha arụ ọrụ nke mmepụta auxin, mana ntinye nke auxin nke a na-emepụta n'elu nwa osisi a na-ebuga mgbe niile na azuokokoosisi site na njem na-arụ ọrụ, n'ihi ya, ntinye nke auxin na apex bud n'onwe ya adịghị elu. mgbe ịta na-eto eto azuokokoosisi dị elu.Ọ kachasị mma maka uto azuokokoosisi, mana ọ nwere mmetụta inhibitory na buds.N'ihe dị elu nke auxin dị n'ọnọdụ dị nso n'elu nwa osisi, otú ahụ ka mmetụta mgbochi siri ike dị n'akụkụ nwa osisi, nke mere na ọtụtụ osisi toro ogologo na-etolite ọdịdị pagoda.Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe ọkụkụ nile nwere ikike nchịkwa siri ike, na ụfọdụ osisi na-amalite ịda mbà ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-ebelata mgbe mmepe nke apex nwa osisi ruo oge ụfọdụ, na-efunahụ nchịkwa mbụ nke mbụ, ya mere osisi osisi nke shrub abụghị pagoda. .N'ihi na ntinye uche dị elu nke auxin nwere mmetụta nke igbochi uto osisi, mmepụta nke nnukwu mkpokọta auxin analogues nwekwara ike iji dị ka herbicides, karịsịa maka ahịhịa dicotyledonous.

Analọgụ Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D.N'ihi na auxin dị obere na osisi, ma ọ dịghị mfe ichekwa.Iji chịkwaa uto osisi, site na njikọ kemịkalụ, ndị mmadụ achọpụtala auxin analogues, nke nwere mmetụta yiri ya na enwere ike imepụta ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, ma ejiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmepụta ugbo.Mmetụta nke ike ndọda n'ụwa na auxin nkesa: ndabere uto nke ị ga na n'ala ibu nke mgbọrọgwụ na-mere site n'ụwa ike ndọda, ihe kpatara ya bụ na ụwa ike ndọda na-akpata na-erughị eru nkesa nke auxin, nke bụ ihe na-ekesa na nso n'akụkụ nke auxin. azuokokoosisi na obere kesaa n'akụkụ azụ.N'ihi na kacha ịta nke auxin na azuokokoosisi dị elu, ọzọ auxin n'akụkụ nso nke azuokokoosisi kwalite ya, otú nso akụkụ nke azuokokoosisi toro ngwa ngwa karịa azụ n'akụkụ, na-na-elu uto nke azuokokoosisi.N'ihi na mgbọrọgwụ, n'ihi na ezigbo ịta nke auxin na mgbọrọgwụ bụ nnọọ ala, ọzọ auxin nso n'akụkụ ala nwere inhibitory mmetụta na uto nke mgbọrọgwụ mkpụrụ ndụ, otú uto nke nso n'ala n'akụkụ bụ iji nwayọọ karịa nke azụ n'akụkụ, na A na-edobe uto geotropic nke mgbọrọgwụ.Enweghị ike ndọda, mgbọrọgwụ agaghị eto eto.Mmetụta enweghị ịdị arọ na uto ihe ọkụkụ: mgbọrọgwụ na-eto n'ala na ntolite na-esi n'ala pụta na-ebute site na ike ndọda nke ụwa, nke na-akpata site na nkesa na-adịghị mma nke auxin n'okpuru ntinye nke ike ndọda nke ụwa.Na ọnọdụ na-enweghị oke nke ohere, n'ihi nkwụsị nke ike ndọda, uto nke azuokokoosisi ga-efunahụ azụ azụ ya, na mgbọrọgwụ ga-atụfukwa njirimara nke uto ala.Otú ọ dị, uru kasị elu nke azuokokoosisi ka dị, na pola njem nke auxin adịghị emetụta ike ndọda.