Ịfesa ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ (IRS) bụ isi ihe na-eme mbọ nchịkwa vector visceral leishmaniasis (VL) na India.Amachaghị banyere mmetụta njikwa IRS nwere n'ụdị ezinụlọ dị iche iche.N'ebe a, anyị na-enyocha ma IRS na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere otu ihe fọdụrụ na ntinye aka maka ụdị ezinụlọ niile dị n'ime obodo.Anyị mepụtakwara maapụ ihe egwu jikọtara ọnụ na ụdị nyocha njupụta anwụnta dabere na njirimara ezinụlọ, mmetụta pesticide na ọkwa IRS iji nyochaa nkesa spatiotemporal nke vectors na ọkwa microscale.
Emere ọmụmụ ihe a n'ime obodo abụọ nke Mahnar block na mpaghara Vaishali nke Bihar.A na-enyocha njikwa nke VL vectors (P. argentipes) nke IRS na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ abụọ [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) na synthetic pyrethroids (SP 5%)].A tụlere ịdị irè nke fọdụrụ nwa oge nke ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị mgbidi dị iche iche site na iji usoro cone bioassay dị ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa tụrụ aro.A na-enyocha uche nke azụ̀zụ ọlaọcha dị na ụmụ ahụhụ site na iji bioassay in vitro.A na-enyocha njupụta anwụnta tupu na post-IRS na ebe obibi na ebe nchekwa anụmanụ site na iji ọnyà ọkụ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrịa Ọrịa na-arụnyere site na 6:00 pm ruo 6:00 am A na-emepụta ihe nlereanya kachasị mma maka nyocha njupụta anwụnta site na iji ọtụtụ mgbagha mgbagha. nyocha.Ejiri teknụzụ nyocha gbasara mbara igwe dabere na GIS wee mapụta nkesa nke mmetụta pesticide vector site n'ụdị ezinụlọ, na ọkwa IRS ezinụlọ ka ejiri kọwaa nkesa spatiotemporal nke shrimp ọla ọcha.
Anwụnta ọlaọcha na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu na SP (100%), mana na-egosi nguzogide dị elu na DDT, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke 49.1%.A kọrọ na SP-IRS nwere nnabata ọha karịa DDT-IRS n'etiti ụdị ezinụlọ niile.Ịdị irè nke fọdụrụ dị iche iche n'ofe mgbidi dị iche iche;Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ahụ zutere IRS nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa tụrụ aro ka a ga-ewe ogologo oge.N'oge oge ọ bụla gachara, mbelata ahụhụ na-esi ísì n'ihi SP-IRS dị ukwuu n'etiti otu ezinụlọ (ya bụ, ndị na-agba mmiri na sentinels) karịa DDT-IRS.Maapụ ihe egwu jikọtara ọnụ na-egosi na SP-IRS nwere mmetụta nchịkwa dị mma na anwụnta karịa DDT-IRS n'akụkụ niile nke ụdị ihe egwu ezinụlọ.Nnyocha nlọghachi azụ nke ọtụtụ ọkwa chọpụtara ihe ize ndụ ise nwere njikọ siri ike na njupụta shrimp ọlaọcha.
Nsonaazụ ga-enye nghọta ka mma banyere omume IRS na ịchịkwa visceral leishmaniasis na Bihar, nke nwere ike inye aka duzie mbọ n'ọdịnihu iji meziwanye ọnọdụ ahụ.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), nke a makwaara dị ka kala-azar, bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke ebe okpomọkụ na-eleghara anya site na nje nje protozoan nke genus Leishmania.Na mpaghara ala India (IS), ebe ụmụ mmadụ bụ naanị ebe nchekwa mmiri, a na-ebufe nje nje (ya bụ Leishmania donovani) na ụmụ mmadụ site na ata nke anwụnta ndị na-ebute ọrịa (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2].Na India, a na-ahụkarị VL na steeti anọ dị na etiti na ọwụwa anyanwụ: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal na Uttar Pradesh.A kọwokwa ọrịa ụfọdụ na Madhya Pradesh (Central India), Gujarat (Western India), Tamil Nadu na Kerala (South India), yana mpaghara ndịda Himalayan nke ugwu India, gụnyere Himachal Pradesh na Jammu na Kashmir.3].N'ime steeti ndị a na-efe efe, Bihar bụ nke ukwuu na mpaghara 33 metụtara VL na-aza ihe karịrị 70% nke ngụkọta ikpe na India kwa afọ [4].Ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 99 nọ na mpaghara ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, yana nkezi kwa afọ nke ikpe 6,752 (2013-2017).
Na Bihar na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke India, mgbalị nchịkwa VL na-adabere na atụmatụ atọ bụ isi: nchọpụta ikpe mbụ, ọgwụgwọ dị irè, na njikwa vector site na iji nsị nsị nke ime ụlọ (IRS) n'ime ụlọ na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa [4, 5].Dị ka mmetụta dị n'akụkụ mgbasa ozi mgbochi ịba, IRS na-achịkwa VL nke ọma na 1960 site na iji dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai / m2), na njikwa mmemme na-achịkwa VL nke ọma na 1977 na 1992 [5, 6].Otú ọ dị, nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ekwenyela na shrimp ọlaọcha emepụtawo nguzogide zuru ebe nile na DDT [4,7,8].Na 2015, National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP, New Delhi) gbanwere IRS site na DDT gaa na pyrethroid sịntetik (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai / m2) [7, 9].Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) ewepụtala ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke iwepụ VL n'afọ 2020 (ya bụ <1 ikpe kwa mmadụ 10,000 kwa afọ n'ogo okporo ụzọ/ngbochi) [10].Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ egosila na IRS dị irè karịa usoro nchịkwa vector ndị ọzọ na ibelata njupụta aja aja [11,12,13].Ihe atụ na-adịbeghị anya na-ebukwa amụma na na ntọala ọrịa dị elu (ya bụ, ọnụọgụ ọrịa tupu nchịkwa nke 5/10,000), IRS dị irè na-ekpuchi 80% nke ezinụlọ nwere ike nweta ebumnuche mkpochapụ otu afọ ruo atọ tupu mgbe ahụ [14].VL na-emetụta obodo ime obodo dara ogbenye na-adịghị mma na njikwa vector ha na-adabere naanị na IRS, ma mmetụta fọdụrụnụ nke usoro nchịkwa a na ụdị ezinụlọ dị iche iche enwebeghị ọmụmụ ihe n'ọhịa na mpaghara ntinye aka [15, 16].Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ka ha rụsịrị ọrụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ iji luso VL ọgụ, ọrịa na-efe efe n'obodo ụfọdụ dịruru ọtụtụ afọ wee ghọọ ebe dị ọkụ [17].Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa iji nyochaa mmetụta fọdụrụnụ nke IRS na nlekota njupụta anwụnta n'ụdị ezinụlọ dị iche iche.Na mgbakwunye, maapụ ihe egwu geospatial microscale ga-enyere aka ịghọta nke ọma na ịchịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta ọbụlagodi mgbe etinyechara ya.Sistemụ ozi gbasara mpaghara (GIS) bụ ngwakọta nke teknụzụ maapụ dijitalụ nke na-enyere nchekwa, mkpuchi, nhazi, nyocha, iweghachi na nhụta nke ụdị dị iche iche nke data gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ebumnuche dị iche iche [18, 19, 20]..A na-eji usoro nhazi ụwa (GPS) amụ banyere ọnọdụ oghere nke akụkụ nke elu ụwa [21, 22].E tinyela ngwaọrụ na usoro ihe nleba anya nke GIS na GPS n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ọrịa na-efe efe, dị ka nyocha ọrịa gbasara oghere na oge na amụma ntiwapụ, mmejuputa iwu na nyocha nke atụmatụ njikwa, mmekọrịta nke nje na ihe gburugburu ebe obibi, na eserese ihe egwu gbasara ohere.[20,23,24,25,26].Ozi anakọtara na ewepụtara na maapụ ihe egwu geospatial nwere ike ịkwado usoro njikwa n'oge yana dị irè.
Ọmụmụ ihe a tụlere uru na mmetụta fọdụrụnụ nke DDT na SP-IRS na ọkwa ezinụlọ n'okpuru National VL Vector Control Programme na Bihar, India.Ebumnobi ndị agbakwunyere bụ imepụta maapụ ihe egwu jikọtara ọnụ na ụdị nyocha njupụta anwụnta dabere na njirimara ebe obibi, ihe mgbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, yana ọkwa IRS ezinụlọ iji nyochaa usoro nkesa nkesa anwụnta microscale.
Emere ọmụmụ ihe na Mahnar ngọngọ nke mpaghara Vaishali na ugwu ugwu nke Ganga (Fig 1).Makhnar bụ mpaghara na-efe efe nke ukwuu, yana nkezi nke 56.7 nke VL kwa afọ (ikpe 170 na 2012-2014), ọnụego ihe omume kwa afọ bụ 2.5-3.7 maka mmadụ 10,000;A họpụtara obodo abụọ: Chakeso dị ka ebe nchịkwa (Fig 1d1; ọ dịghị ikpe nke VL n'ime afọ ise gara aga) na Lavapur Mahanar dị ka ebe njedebe (Fig 1d2; nke ukwuu endemic, na 5 ma ọ bụ karịa ikpe kwa 1000 mmadụ kwa afọ. ).n'ime afọ 5 gara aga).Ahọpụtara obodo dị iche iche dabere n'ụkpụrụ atọ bụ isi: ọnọdụ na nnweta (ya bụ, nke dị n'osimiri nwere ohere dị mfe n'afọ niile), njirimara igwe mmadụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ezinụlọ (ya bụ, opekata mpe ezinụlọ 200; Chaqueso nwere ezinaụlọ 202 na 204 nwere nkezi nha ezinụlọ) .4.9 na 5.1 mmadụ) na Lavapur Mahanar n'otu n'otu) na ụdị ezinụlọ (HT) na ọdịdị nke nkesa ha (ya bụ na-ekesa ngwakọta HT na-enweghị usoro).Obodo abụọ a na-amụ ihe dị n'ime 500 m nke obodo Makhnar na ụlọ ọgwụ mpaghara.Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosiri na ndị bi n'ime obodo ndị a na-amụ ihe na-etinye aka nke ukwuu na ọrụ nyocha.Ụlọ ndị dị n'ime obodo ọzụzụ [nke nwere ime ụlọ 1-2 nwere mbara ihu 1 jikọtara, kichin 1, ụlọ ịsa ahụ 1 na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala 1 (nke a na-ejikọta ma ọ bụ nke a na-ekekọta)) nwere mgbidi brik / apịtị na ala adobe, mgbidi brik nwere plasta ciment.na ala simenti, mgbidi brik na-edochaghị anya na nke a na-eseghị ese, ala ụrọ na elu ụlọ ajị anụ.Mpaghara Vaishali dum nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere mmiri ozuzo (July ruo August) na oge ọkọchị (November ruo Disemba).Nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 720.4 mm (oke 736.5-1076.7 mm), iru mmiri 65± 5% (oke 16-79%), nkezi okpomọkụ kwa ọnwa 17.2-32.4°C.Mee na June bụ ọnwa kacha ekpo ọkụ (okpomọkụ 39-44 Celsius C), ebe Jenụwarị kacha mma (7-22 Celsius C).
Map nke ebe ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi ọnọdụ Bihar na maapụ India (a) na ebe mpaghara Vaishali na maapụ Bihar (b).Makhnar Block (c) A họpụtara obodo abụọ maka ọmụmụ ihe: Chakeso dị ka ebe njikwa na Lavapur Makhnar dị ka ebe ntinye aka.
Dị ka akụkụ nke National Kalaazar Control Programme, Bihar Society Health Board (SHSB) mere agba abụọ nke IRS kwa afọ n'oge 2015 na 2016 (agba nke mbụ, February-March; agba nke abụọ, June-July)[4].Iji hụ na mmejuputa ọrụ IRS niile dị mma, ụlọ ọrụ Rajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), Patna, onye enyemaka nke Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR; New Delhi) akwadola atụmatụ micro action plan.ụlọ akwụkwọ nodal.A họọrọ obodo IRS dabere na njirisi abụọ bụ isi: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke VL na retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) n'ime obodo (ya bụ, obodo nwere ikpe 1 ma ọ bụ karịa n'oge oge ọ bụla n'ime afọ 3 gara aga, gụnyere afọ mmejuputa iwu. )., obodo na-abụghị endemic gburugburu "ebe na-ekpo ọkụ" (ya bụ obodo ndị nọgidere na-akọ akụkọ maka ≥ 2 afọ ma ọ bụ ≥ 2 ikpe kwa 1000 mmadụ) na ọhụrụ endemic obodo (enweghị ikpe na ikpeazụ 3 afọ) obodo n'ime afọ ikpeazụ nke afọ mmejuputa iwu kọrọ na [17].Obodo ndị gbara agbata obi na-emejuputa agba nke mbụ nke ụtụ isi obodo, obodo ọhụrụ na-esonyekwa n'agba nke abụọ nke atụmatụ atụmatụ ụtụ isi obodo.Na 2015, agba abụọ nke IRS na-eji DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) mere n'ime ime obodo ọmụmụ ihe.Kemgbe 2016, a na-eme IRS site na iji pyrethroid sịntetik (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai/m2).A na-eji mmiri Hudson Xpert (13.4 L) na-efesa ya na ihuenyo nrụgide, valvụ na-agbanwe agbanwe (1.5 mmanya) na 8002 flat jet nozzle for porous surfaces [27].ICMR-RMRIMS, Patna (Bihar) nyochaa IRS na ọkwa ụlọ na obodo wee nye ndị obodo ozi mbido gbasara IRS site na igwe okwu n'ime ụbọchị 1-2 mbụ.Ndị otu IRS ọ bụla nwere ihe nleba anya (nke RMRIMS nyere) iji nyochaa arụmọrụ otu IRS.A na-ebuga ndị na-ahụ maka ombuds, yana ndị otu IRS, n'ụlọ niile iji mee ka ndị isi ezinụlọ mara ma mesie ndị isi obi ike banyere uru bara uru nke IRS.N'ime agba abụọ nke nyocha IRS, mkpuchi ezinụlọ n'ozuzu ya na obodo ọmụmụ ruru opekata mpe 80% [4].Ọkwa ịgbasa (ntụgharị, enweghị nfesa, nfesa akụkụ, na ịgba mmiri zuru oke; akọwapụtara na Faịlụ Mgbakwunye 1: Tebụl S1) ka edekọtara maka ezinụlọ niile nọ n'obodo ntanye aka n'oge agba abụọ nke IRS.
Emere ọmụmụ ihe ahụ site na June 2015 ruo Julaị 2016. IRS na-eji ụlọ ọrụ ọrịa eme ihe maka ntinye aka (ya bụ, 2 izu tupu ntinye aka; nchọpụta ndabere) na ntinye aka (ya bụ, 2, 4, na 12 izu mgbe ntinye aka; nleba anya nleba anya, njikwa njupụta, na mgbochi aja aja na gburugburu IRS ọ bụla.n'ụlọ ọ bụla Otu abalị (ya bụ site na 18:00 ruo 6:00) ọnyà ọkụ [28].E tinyela ọnyà ọkụ n'ime ụlọ ihi ụra na ebe nchekwa anụmanụ.N'ime obodo ebe a na-eme ọmụmụ ihe ntinye aka, a nwalere ezinụlọ 48 maka njupụta ijiji tupu IRS (ụlọ 12 kwa ụbọchị maka ụbọchị anọ n'usoro ruo ụbọchị tupu ụbọchị IRS).Ahọpụtara 12 maka otu n'ime ụlọ anọ bụ isi nke ezinụlọ (ya bụ plain ụrọ plaster (PMP), plasta ciment na ụlọ cladding (CPLC), brik na-enweghị plasta na nke a na-eseghị (BUU) na ụlọ ajị anụ (TH).Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ naanị ezinụlọ 12 (n'ime ezinụlọ 48 tupu oge IRS) ka ahọpụtara ka ha gaa n'ihu na-anakọta data njupụta anwụnta mgbe nzukọ IRS gasịrị.Dị ka ndụmọdụ WHO si kwuo, ahọpụtara ezinụlọ 6 n'ime otu ntinye aka (ezinụlọ na-anata ọgwụgwọ IRS) na ndị otu sentinel (ezinụlọ nọ n'ime ime obodo, ndị nwe ahụ jụrụ ikike IRS) [28].N'ime ndị otu na-ahụ maka njikwa (ezinụlọ n'ime obodo ndị agbata obi na-enwetaghị IRS n'ihi enweghị VL), ọ bụ naanị ezinụlọ 6 ka ahọpụtara ka ha nyochaa njupụta anwụnta tupu na mgbe nnọkọ IRS abụọ gasịrị.Maka otu atọ niile nleba anya njupụta anwụnta (ya bụ ntinye aka, sentinel na njikwa), ahọpụtara ezinụlọ n'otu ọkwa atọ dị ize ndụ (ya bụ obere, ọkara na nke dị elu; ezinụlọ abụọ sitere na ọkwa ọ bụla dị ize ndụ) yana njirimara ihe ize ndụ HT bụ nkewa (modul na ihe owuwu bụ. gosiri na Tebụl 1 na Tebụl 2, n'otu n'otu) [29, 30].Ahọpụtara ezinaụlọ abụọ n'otu ọkwa dị ize ndụ iji zere atụmatụ njupụta anwụnta na-enweghị isi na ntụnyere n'etiti otu.N'ime otu ntinye aka, a na-enyocha njupụta anwụnta post-IRS n'ụdị ezinụlọ IRS abụọ: ọgwụgwọ zuru oke (n = 3; 1 ezinụlọ kwa ọkwa otu ihe ize ndụ) na nke a na-emeso ya (n = 3; 1 ezinụlọ kwa ọkwa otu ihe egwu).).otu egwu).
A na-ebufe anwụnta niile a nwụdere n'ime akpa ule n'ụlọ nyocha, ma jiri owu owu tinye na chloroform gbuo tubes ule ahụ.A na-ekesa ijiji ọla ọcha nwee mmekọahụ ma kewapụ ya na ụmụ ahụhụ na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dabere na njirimara ọdịdị site na iji koodu njirimara ọkọlọtọ [31].Ndị nwoke na nwanyị ọlaọcha niile ka agbachara mkpọ iche iche na mmanya 80%.A na-agbakọ njupụta anwụnta kwa ọnyà / abalị site n'iji usoro a: ngụkọta ọnụọgụ anwụnta anakọtara/ọnụọgụ ọnyà nke edobere kwa abalị.Mgbanwe pasentị na ụba anwụnta (SFC) n'ihi IRS na-eji DDT na SP mere atụmatụ site na iji usoro a [32]:
Ebe A bụ ntọala pụtara SFC maka ezinụlọ aka, B bụ IRS pụtara SFC maka ezinụlọ ntinye aka, C bụ ntọala pụtara SFC maka ụlọ njikwa / sentinel, yana D bụ SFC maka njikwa IRS / ezinụlọ ezinụlọ.
Nsonaazụ ntinye aka, nke edekọtara dị ka ụkpụrụ na-adịghị mma na nke dị mma, na-egosi mbelata na mmụba na SFC mgbe IRS gasịrị, n'otu n'otu.Ọ bụrụ na SFC mgbe IRS nọgidere bụrụ otu ihe SFC ndabere, a na-agbakọ mmetụta ntinye dị ka efu.
Dị ka World Health Organisation Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) si kwuo, a na-enyocha uche nke shrimp ọlaọcha na pesticides DDT na SP site na iji ọkọlọtọ in vitro bioassays [33].Oriri ọla ọcha nwanyị dị mma na nke anaghị enye nri (18-25 SF kwa otu) kpugheere ọgwụ na-egbu egbu nke enwetara na Mahadum Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ahazi) site na iji Kit Health Organisation Pesticide Sensitivity Test Kit [4,9, 33] ,34].A nwalere usoro bioassay nke ọ bụla nke pesticide ugboro asatọ (nyocha ule anọ, nke ọ bụla na-agba ọsọ n'otu oge na njikwa).Emere ule njikwa site na iji akwụkwọ etinyere ya na risella (maka DDT) na mmanụ silicone (maka SP) nke USM nyere.Mgbe nkeji 60 gachara, a na-etinye anwụnta n'ime tubes WHO ma nye ya ajị anụ na-amị amị nke etinyere na mmiri shuga 10%.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anwụnta nwụrụ mgbe awa 1 gachara na ọnwụ ikpeazụ mgbe awa 24 gachara.A na-akọwa ọnọdụ nguzogide dịka ụkpụrụ nduzi nke World Health Organisation si dị: ọnwụ nke 98-100% na-egosi ihe nwere ike ime, 90-98% na-egosi nkwụsi ike nke chọrọ nkwenye, na <90% na-egosi nkwụsị [33, 34].N'ihi na ọnwụ n'ime otu njikwa sitere na 0 ruo 5%, ọ nweghị mmezi nke ọnwụ emere.
A tụlere mmetụta bioefficacy na ihe fọdụrụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-enwe n'ọnụ ụmụ amaala n'okpuru ọnọdụ ubi.N'ime ụlọ atọ na-etinye aka (otu onye nke ọ bụla nwere plasta ụrọ ma ọ bụ PMP, plasta ciment na mkpuchi lime ma ọ bụ CPLC, brik na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ BUU) na 2, 4 na 12 izu mgbe ịgbasachara.A na-eme usoro bioassay ọkọlọtọ WHO na cones nwere ọnyà ọkụ.guzobe [27, 32].Ewepụla ikpo ọkụ ụlọ n'ihi mgbidi na-enweghị isi.Na nyocha nke ọ bụla, a na-eji cones 12 mee ihe n'ofe ụlọ nyocha niile (cones anọ kwa ụlọ, otu maka ụdị elu mgbidi ọ bụla).Tinye cones na mgbidi nke ọ bụla n'ime ụlọ ahụ dị elu dị iche iche: otu na ọkwa isi (site na 1.7 ruo 1.8 m), abụọ na ọkwa ukwu (site na 0.9 ruo 1 m) na otu n'okpuru ikpere (site na 0.3 ruo 0.5 m).Anwụnta ụmụ nwanyị iri na-enyeghị nri (10 kwa cone; anakọtara site na ebe njikwa na-eji aspirator) n'ime ụlọ WHO ọ bụla plastic cone chamber (otu cone kwa ụdị ezinụlọ) dị ka njikwa.Mgbe nkeji 30 nke ikpughe, jiri nlezianya wepụ anwụnta na ya;ọnụ ụlọ conical na-eji ihe mkpuchi ikpere ma bufee ha n'ime tubes WHO nwere ngwọta shuga 10% maka nri.Edekọrọ ọnwụ ikpeazụ mgbe awa 24 gachara na 27 ± 2°C na 80 ± 10% iru mmiri.A na-ahazi ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nwere akara n'etiti 5% na 20% site na iji usoro Abbott [27] dị ka ndị a:
ebe P bụ onwu emeziri, P1 bụ pasentị ọnwụ a hụrụ, yana C bụ pasentị ọnwụ nke a na-achịkwa.A tụfuru ule ndị nwere ọnwụ njikwa> 20% wee malitegharịa [27, 33].
Emere nyocha ezinaụlọ zuru oke n'ime ime obodo.Edekọbara ọnọdụ GPS nke ezinaụlọ ọ bụla yana ụdị ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ebe obibi na ọnọdụ ntinye aka ya.Igwe okwu GIS ewepụtala geodatabase dijitalụ nke gụnyere oke oke n'ime obodo, mpaghara, mpaghara na ọkwa steeti.Ebe ezinaụlọ niile na-eji geotagged site na iji ọkwa GIS ọkwa obodo, na-ejikọta ma na-emelite ozi njirimara ha.N'ebe ezinụlọ ọ bụla, a na-enyocha ihe ize ndụ dabere na HT, ihe mgbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, na ọkwa IRS (Table 1) [11, 26, 29, 30].A na-atụgharịkwa ebe ọnọdụ ezinụlọ niile ka ọ bụrụ maapụ isiokwu site na iji ịdị arọ dị iche iche (IDW; mkpebi dabere na nkezi mpaghara ezinụlọ nke 6 m2, ike 2, ọnụ ọgụgụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke isi ihe gbara ya gburugburu = 10, na-eji radius nchọta agbanwe, nzacha obere ngafe).na cubic convolution maping) teknụzụ interpolation gbasara ohere [35].E kere ụdị abụọ nke maapụ ihe egwu gbasara oghere: maapụ thematic nke dabere na HT na mmetụta pesticide vector na maapụ thematic status (ISV na IRSS).A na-ejikọta maapụ ihe egwu abụọ ahụ site na iji nyocha ihe mkpuchi dị arọ [36].N'oge usoro a, a na-ekewa ọkwa raster ka ọ bụrụ klaasị mmasị izugbe maka ọkwa dị ize ndụ dị iche iche (ya bụ, elu, ọkara na obere/enweghị ihe ize ndụ).A na-amụba oyi akwa raster ọ bụla ekewagharịrị site n'ịdị arọ e kenyere ya dabere na mkpa dị mkpa nke parampat na-akwado ịba ụba anwụnta (dabere n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime ime obodo, ebe a na-amụ anwụnta, na omume izu ike na nri) [26, 29]., 30, 37].Maapụ ihe egwu abụọ a gbara 50:50 ka ha nyere aka n'ụba anwụnta (faịlụ mgbakwunye 1: Tebụl S2).Site n'ịchịkọta maapụ isiokwu dị arọ, a na-emepụta maapụ ihe egwu mejupụtara ikpeazụ n'elu ikpo okwu GIS.A na-egosipụta ma kọwapụta maapụ ihe egwu ikpeazụ n'usoro nke ụkpụrụ Sand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) gbakọrọ site na iji usoro a:
N'ime usoro a, P bụ uru index ihe egwu, L bụ ọnụ ahịa ihe egwu n'ozuzu maka ebe ezinụlọ ọ bụla, na H bụ uru kacha ewu ewu maka ezinụlọ na mpaghara ọmụmụ.Anyị kwadebere ma rụọ ọkwa GIS na nyocha site na iji ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, USA) iji mepụta maapụ ihe egwu.
Anyị mere ọtụtụ nyocha nlọghachi azụ iji nyochaa mmetụta jikọtara ọnụ nke HT, ISV, na IRSS (dị ka akọwara na Tebụl 1) na njupụta anwụnta ụlọ (n = 24).A na-emeso njirimara ụlọ na ihe ize ndụ dabere na ntinye aka IRS nke edere na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ dị ka mgbanwe nkọwa, na njupụta anwụnta ejiri mee ihe dị ka mgbanwe nzaghachi.Emere nyocha nlọghachi nke Univariate Poisson maka mgbanwe nkọwa ọ bụla jikọtara ya na njupụta aja.N'oge nyocha nke otu, mgbanwe ndị na-adịchaghị mkpa ma nwee uru P karịa 15% wepụrụ na nyochaghachi ọtụtụ mgbanwe.Iji nyochaa mkparịta ụka, okwu mkparịta ụka maka njikọ niile nwere ike ime nke mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama (nke a na-ahụ na nyocha nke otu) na-etinye n'otu oge n'ọtụtụ nyocha nlọghachi azụ, na okwu ndị na-adịghị mkpa na-ewepụ na ihe nlereanya ahụ n'usoro iji mepụta ihe nlereanya ikpeazụ.
E mere nlebanya ihe egwu dị n'ọkwa ezinaụlọ n'ụzọ abụọ: nlebanya ihe egwu dị n'ọkwa ezinaụlọ na nchikota oghere nke mpaghara ihe egwu na maapụ.A na-eme atụmatụ atụmatụ ihe egwu dị n'ọkwa ezinaụlọ site na iji nyocha mmekọrịta n'etiti atụmatụ ihe egwu ezinụlọ na njupụta aja (anakọtara site na ezinụlọ sentinel 6 na ezinụlọ enyemaka 6; izu tupu na mgbe mmejuputa IRS gasịrị).A na-eme atụmatụ mpaghara ihe egwu gbasara ohere site na iji nkezi ọnụọgụ anwụnta anakọtara site na ezinụlọ dị iche iche ma atụnyere n'etiti otu ndị nwere nsogbu (ya bụ mpaghara dị ala, ọkara na nnukwu ihe egwu).Na gburugburu IRS nke ọ bụla, ezinụlọ 12 (ụlọ 4 na nke ọ bụla n'ime ọkwa atọ nke mpaghara ihe egwu; a na-eme nchịkọta abalị kwa izu 2, 4 na 12 mgbe IRS gasịrị) ka ahọpụtara onwe ha ịnakọta anwụnta iji nwalee maapụ ihe egwu zuru oke.A na-eji otu data ezinaụlọ ahụ (ya bụ HT, VSI, IRSS na njupụta anwụnta) iji nwalee ụdị nlọghachi azụ ikpeazụ.Emere nyocha njikọ dị mfe n'etiti nleba anya n'ubi yana njupụta nke anwụnta a tụrụ atụ n'anya.
A gbakọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nkọwa dị ka pụtara, opekempe, kacha, 95% oge ntụkwasị obi (CI) na pasentị iji chịkọta data metụtara entomological na IRS.Nkezi ọnụọgụ / njupụta na ọnwụ nke nchinchi ọlaọcha (ihe fọdụrụnụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) na-eji ule parametric [paired samples t- test (maka data a na-ekesakarị)] na ule ndị na-abụghị parametric (Wilcoxon bịanyere aka na ya n'ọkwá) iji tụnyere ịdị irè n'etiti ụdị elu n'ụlọ (ie. , BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, na CPLC vs. PMP) ule maka data na-abụghị nke a na-ekesa).Emere nyocha niile site na iji ngwanrọ SPSS v.20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
A gbakọrọ mkpuchi ezinụlọ n'ime ime obodo n'oge IRS DDT na SP agba.Ngụkọta nke ezinụlọ 205 natara IRS na agba ọ bụla, gụnyere ezinụlọ 179 (87.3%) na gburugburu DDT na ezinụlọ 194 (94.6%) na SP gburugburu maka njikwa vector VL.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ezinaụlọ ejiri ọgwụ pesticide agwọ nke ọma dị elu n'oge SP-IRS (86.3%) karịa n'oge DDT-IRS (52.7%).Ọnụ ọgụgụ ezinụlọ ndị kwụsịrị IRS n'oge DDT bụ 26 (12.7%) yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ezinụlọ ndị kwụsịrị IRS n'oge SP bụ 11 (5.4%).N'ime oge DDT na SP, ọnụ ọgụgụ ezinụlọ e debara aha n'akụkụ ụfọdụ bụ 71 (34.6% nke ngụkọta ezinụlọ a na-agwọ) na ezinụlọ 17 (8.3% nke ngụkọta ezinụlọ a na-emeso), n'otu n'otu.
Dabere na ntuziaka mgbochi mgbochi pesticide nke WHO, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-acha ọla ọcha nọ na saịtị ntinye aka na-enwekarị ike ịnweta alfa-cypermethrin (0.05%) dịka nkezi ọnwụ a kọrọ n'oge nnwale ahụ (awa 24) bụ 100%.Ọnụego ịkụ aka a hụrụ bụ 85.9% (95% CI: 81.1-90.6%).Maka DDT, ọnụ ọgụgụ ịkụ aka na awa 24 bụ 22.8% (95% CI: 11.5-34.1%), na ọnụọgụ ule eletrọnịkị pụtara bụ 49.1% (95% CI: 41.9-56.3%).Nsonaazụ gosiri na ụkwụ ọlaọcha mepụtara nguzogide zuru oke na DDT na saịtị ntinye aka.
Na tebụl 3 chịkọtara nsonaazụ bioanalysis nke cones maka ụdị elu dị iche iche (oge dị iche iche mgbe IRS gasịrị) ejiri DDT na SP gwọọ ya.Data anyị gosiri na mgbe awa 24 gachara, ma ụmụ ahụhụ (BUU vs. CPLC: t (2) = - 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t (2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs PMP: t ( 2) = 1.03, P = 0.41 (maka DDT-IRS na BUU) CPLC: t (2) = - 5.86, P = 0.03 na PMP: t (2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; IRS, CPLC na PMP: t (2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 na SP: t (2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na-ebelata ka oge na-aga. na 4 izu ịgbasa maka naanị mgbidi CPLC (ya bụ 82.5) N'ime otu DDT, ọnwụ na-agbadata 70% maka ụdị mgbidi niile n'oge niile ka IRS bioassay gachara izu nke ịgba mmiri bụ 25.1% na 63.2%, n'otu n'otu, ụdị elu atọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ kacha elu na DDT bụ 61.1% (maka PMP 2 izu mgbe IRS gasịrị), 36.9% (maka CPLC 4 izu mgbe IRS gasịrị), na 28.9% maka CPLC 4 izu mgbe IRS gasịrị. Ọnụ ego kacha nta bụ 55% (maka BUU, 2 izu mgbe IRS gasịrị), 32.5% (maka PMP, 4 izu mgbe IRS) na 20% (maka PMP, 4 izu mgbe IRS);US IRS).Maka SP, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ kacha elu maka ụdị elu niile bụ 97.2% (maka CPLC, izu abụọ ka IRS gasịrị), 82.5% (maka CPLC, izu 4 mgbe IRS gasịrị), na 67.5% (maka CPLC, izu anọ ka IRS gasịrị).12 izu mgbe IRS).US IRS).izu mgbe IRS gasịrị;Ọnụ ego kacha nta bụ 94.4% (maka BUU, izu abụọ ka IRS gasịrị), 75% (maka PMP, izu 4 mgbe IRS gasịrị), na 58.3% (maka PMP, izu iri na abụọ mgbe IRS gasịrị).Maka ụmụ ahụhụ abụọ ahụ, ọnwụ n'elu ebe a na-agwọ PMP na-adịgasị iche ngwa ngwa karịa n'elu CPLC- na BUU.
Tebụl 4 na-achịkọta mmetụta ntinye aka (ya bụ, mgbanwe post-IRS na ụba anwụnta) nke DDT- na SP dabeere na IRS (faịlụ mgbakwunye 1: eserese S1).Maka DDT-IRS, mbelata pasentị na beetle nwere agba ọla mgbe oge IRS gasịrị bụ 34.1% (na izu 2), 25.9% (na izu 4), na 14.1% (na izu iri na abụọ).Maka SP-IRS, ọnụego mbelata bụ 90.5% (na izu 2), 66.7% (na izu 4), na 55.6% (na izu 12).Mbelata kasịnụ na ụbara shrimp ọlaọcha n'ụlọ sentinel n'oge mkpesa DDT na SP IRS bụ 2.8% (na izu 2) na 49.1% (na izu 2), n'otu n'otu.N'ime oge SP-IRS, mbelata (tupu na mgbe) nke ndị na-acha ọcha bellied pheasants yiri n'ịgba ụlọ (t (2) = - 9.09, P <0.001) na ezinụlọ sentinel (t (2) = - 1.29, P = 0.33.Dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere DDT-IRS na oge 3 niile ka IRS gachara.Maka ụmụ ahụhụ abụọ ahụ, nnukwu ahụhụ ọlaọcha mụbara n'ime ezinụlọ sentinel ka izu iri na abụọ gachara IRS (ya bụ, 3.6% na 9.9% maka SP na DDT, n'otu n'otu).N'oge SP na DDT na-esochi nzukọ IRS, anakọtara shrimp ọlaọcha 112 na 161 n'ugbo sentinel, n'otu n'otu.
Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na njupụta shrimp ọlaọcha dị n'etiti ezinụlọ dị iche iche (ie spray vs sentinel: t (2) = - 3.47, P = 0.07; spray vs control: t (2) = - 2.03 , P = 0.18; sentinel vs. control : n'ime izu IRS mgbe DDT gasịrị, t (2) = - 0.59, P = 0.62).N'ụzọ dị iche, a hụrụ ọdịiche dị ukwuu na njupụta shrimp ọlaọcha n'etiti ndị na-agba mmiri na ndị na-achịkwa (t(2) = - 11.28, P = 0.01) na n'etiti ndị na-agba mmiri na ndị na-achịkwa (t(2) = - 4, 42, P = 0.05).IRS izu ole na ole ka SP gachara.Maka SP-IRS, ọnweghị ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama n'etiti ezinụlọ sentinel na njikwa (t (2) = -0.48, P = 0.68).Ọnụọgụ 2 na-egosi nkezi njupụta anụ ahụ nwere afọ ọlaọcha na-ahụ n'ugbo n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma jiri wiil IRS mesoo ya nke ọma.Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na njupụta nke pheasants a na-achịkwa nke ọma n'etiti ezinaụlọ a na-achịkwa nke ọma (pụtara 7.3 na 2.7 kwa ọnyà / abalị).DDT-IRS na SP-IRS n'otu n'otu), na ụfọdụ ezinụlọ ka a na-efesa ma ọgwụ ahụhụ (pụtara 7.5 na 4.4 kwa abalị maka DDT-IRS na SP-IRS, n'otu n'otu) (t(2) ≤ 1.0, P> 0.2).Agbanyeghị, njupụta ọla ọcha n'ugbo a na-efesa n'ụzọ zuru ezu na nke akụkụ dị iche n'etiti okirikiri SP na DDT IRS (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Atụmatụ njupụta nke nku ọlaọcha na-esi ísì ụtọ n'ime ezinụlọ zuru oke na nke a na-emeso ya na obodo Mahanar, Lavapur, n'ime izu abụọ tupu IRS na izu 2, 4 na 12 ka IRS, DDT na SP gachara.
E mepụtara maapụ ihe ize ndụ zuru oke (obodo Lavapur Mahanar; ngụkọta mpaghara: 26,723 km2) iji chọpụta mpaghara dị ala, ọkara na nke dị elu iji nyochaa mpụta na mweghachi nke shrimp ọlaọcha tupu na ọtụtụ izu mgbe mmejuputa IRS (Fig 3). , 4)...Akara akara kacha egwu maka ezinaụlọ n'oge imepụta maapụ ihe egwu dị ka “12” (ya bụ, “8” maka maapụ ihe egwu dabere na HT yana “4” maka maapụ ihe egwu dabere na VSI na IRSS).Opekempe akara n'ihe ize ndụ gbakọrọ bụ "efu" ma ọ bụ "enweghị ihe ize ndụ" ewezuga maapụ DDT-VSI na IRSS nke nwere akara kacha nta nke 1. Maapụ ihe egwu nke HT gosipụtara na nnukwu mpaghara (ya bụ 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) nke Lavapur. Obodo Mahanar bụ mpaghara nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ebe ndị bi na ya ga-enwe ike izute ma maliteghachi anwụnta.Mkpuchi mpaghara dịgasị iche n'etiti elu (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), ọkara (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) na obere / enweghị ihe ize ndụ (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) zones%) (t (2) = 12.7, P <0.05) n'etiti eserese ihe egwu nke DDT na SP-IS na IRSS (Fig 3, 4).Maapụ ihe egwu mejupụtara ikpeazụ gosipụtara na SP-IRS nwere ikike nchebe ka mma karịa DDT-IRS n'ofe ọkwa niile nke mpaghara ihe egwu HT.Ebe nchekwa dị elu maka HT belatara na ihe na-erughị 7% (1837.3 km2) mgbe SP-IRS na ọtụtụ mpaghara (ya bụ 53.6%) ghọrọ mpaghara dị ala.N'ime oge DDT-IRS, pasenti nke mpaghara ihe egwu dị elu na nke dị ala nyochara site na maapụ ihe egwu jikọtara ọnụ bụ 35.5% (9498.1 km2) na 16.2% (4342.4 km2), n'otu n'otu.Ngwongwo ijiji atụnyere n'ụlọ ezinaụlọ na-agwọ ọrịa na ọtụtụ izu ka emechara atụmatụ ma gosipụta ya na maapụ ihe egwu jikọtara ọnụ maka agba IRS ọ bụla (ya bụ, DDT na SP) (Figs. 3, 4).Enwere ezigbo nkwekọrịta n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe ize ndụ nke ezinụlọ na nkezi njupụta shrimp ọlaọcha e dekọrọ tupu na mgbe IRS gasịrị (Fig 5).Ụkpụrụ R2 (P <0.05) nke nyocha nkwụsi ike gbakọrọ site na agba abụọ nke IRS bụ: 0.78 2 izu tupu DDT, 0.81 2 izu mgbe DDT, 0,78 4 izu mgbe DDT, 0.83 mgbe DDT- DDT 12 izu, DDT Mkpokọta mgbe SP bụ 0.85, 0.82 2 izu tupu SP, 0.38 2 izu mgbe SP, 0.56 4 izu mgbe SP, 0.81 12 izu mgbe SP na 0.79 2 izu mgbe SP n'ozuzu (Mgbakwunye faịlụ 1: Table S3).Nsonaazụ gosiri na mmetụta nke ntinye aka SP-IRS na HT niile ka emelitere n'ime izu anọ na-eso IRS.DDT-IRS ka na-adịghị arụ ọrụ maka HT niile n'oge ọ bụla ka emechara IRS.A na-achikota nsonaazụ nke nyocha mpaghara nke mpaghara maapụ ihe egwu agbakwunyere na Tebụl 5. Maka okirikiri IRS, ọ pụtara ịba ụba nke shrimp silverbellied na pasent nke mkpokọta ụbara na mpaghara ihe egwu dị elu (ya bụ,> 55%) dị elu karịa na ala- na mpaghara ihe ize ndụ nke ọkara n'oge ọ bụla post-IRS.A na-esepụta ma na-ahụ anya ebe ezinaụlọ dị n'ime anụ ahụ (ya bụ, ndị ahọpụtara maka nchịkọta anwụnta) na Faịlụ Mgbakwunye 1: Figure S2.
Ụdị atọ nke GIS maapụ ihe egwu gbasara ohere (ya bụ HT, IS na IRSS na ngwakọta nke HT, IS na IRSS) iji chọpụta ebe ihe egwu na-esi ísì tupu DDT-IRS na obodo Mahnar, Lavapur, Vaishali district (Bihar)
Ụdị atọ nke GIS maapụ ihe egwu gbasara ohere (ya bụ HT, IS na IRSS na ngwakọta nke HT, IS na IRSS) iji chọpụta ebe ihe ize ndụ nke ahịhịa ahụrụ ọlaọcha (tụnyere Kharbang)
A gbakọrọ mmetụta nke DDT- (a, c, e, g, i) na SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) na ọkwa dị iche iche nke ụdị ihe ize ndụ nke ezinụlọ site n'ịtụle "R2" n'etiti ihe egwu ezinụlọ. .Ntụle nke ihe ngosi ezinụlọ na nkezi njupụta nke P. argentipes izu 2 tupu mmejuputa IRS na 2, 4 na 12 izu mgbe mmejuputa IRS na obodo Lavapur Mahnar, mpaghara Vaishali, Bihar.
Tebụl 6 na-achikota nsonaazụ nke nyocha univariate nke ihe niile dị ize ndụ na-emetụta njupụta flake.Achọpụtara ihe niile dị ize ndụ (n = 6) na-ejikọta ya na njupụta anwụnta ezinụlọ.Achọpụtara na ọkwa dị mkpa nke mgbanwe niile dị mkpa mepụtara ụkpụrụ P na-erughị 0.15.Ya mere, a na-edobe mgbanwe nkọwa niile maka ọtụtụ nyocha nlọghachi azụ.Emepụtara nchikota kacha mma nke ihe nlereanya ikpeazụ dabere na ihe ize ndụ ise: TF, TW, DS, ISV, na IRSS.Tebụl 7 depụtara nkọwapụta nke paramita ndị ahọpụtara n'ụdị ikpeazụ, yana gbanwekwara oke ọgbaghara, oge ntụkwasị obi 95% (CIs), na ụkpụrụ P.Ihe nlereanya ikpeazụ dị ịrịba ama nke ukwuu, yana uru R2 nke 0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
Ewepụrụ TR na ihe nlereanya ikpeazụ n'ihi na ọ kacha dị mkpa (P = 0.46) na nkọwa nkọwa ndị ọzọ.E jiri ụdị emepụtara a tụọ amụma njupụta ijiji dabere na data sitere na ezinaụlọ iri na abụọ dị iche iche.Nsonaazụ nkwado gosipụtara njikọ siri ike n'etiti njupụta anwụnta a na-ahụ n'ọhịa yana njupụta anwụnta buru amụma site na ihe nlereanya (r = 0.91, P <0.001).
Ebumnobi bụ ikpochapụ VL na steeti India na-akpa ike n'afọ 2020 [10].Kemgbe 2012, India enweela ọganihu dị ukwuu n'ibelata ihe omume na ọnwụ nke VL [10].Mgbanwe site na DDT gaa na SP na 2015 bụ nnukwu mgbanwe na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke IRS na Bihar, India [38].Iji ghọta ihe ize ndụ ohere nke VL na ụbara vectors ya, eduzila ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe dị elu.Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na nkesa nkesa nke mgbasa ozi VL enwetawo nlebara anya na-arịwanye elu n'ofe mba ahụ, a na-eme nchọpụta ntakịrị na ọkwa micro.Ọzọkwa, na ọkwa micro, data adịghị agbanwe agbanwe ma sie ike nyocha na ịghọta.N'ihe anyị maara nke ọma, ọmụmụ ihe a bụ akụkọ mbụ iji nyochaa nrụpụta ihe fọdụrụ na ntinye aka nke IRS site na iji ụmụ ahụhụ DDT na SP n'etiti HT n'okpuru National VL Vector Control Programme na Bihar (India).Nke a bụkwa mbọ mbụ iji mepụta maapụ ihe egwu gbasara ohere yana ụdị nyocha njupụta anwụnta iji kpughee nkesa anwụnta na microscale n'okpuru ọnọdụ ntinye aka IRS.
Nsonaazụ anyị gosiri na nkuchi ezinụlọ nke SP-IRS dị elu n'ezinaụlọ niile yana ọtụtụ ezinaụlọ na-ahazi ya nke ọma.Nsonaazụ bioassay gosiri na ijiji ọla ọcha n'ime obodo ọmụmụ ahụ nwere mmetụta nke ukwuu maka beta-cypermethrin mana ọ dị obere na DDT.Nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke oporo ọlaọcha sitere na DDT erughị 50%, na-egosi ọkwa dị elu nke iguzogide DDT.Nke a kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ ọmụmụ ndị gara aga emere n'oge dị iche iche na obodo dị iche iche nke steeti VL-endemic nke India, gụnyere Bihar [8,9,39,40].Na mgbakwunye na mmetụta nke pesticides, arụmọrụ fọdụrụnụ nke ọgwụ pesticides na mmetụta nke ntinye aka bụkwa ozi dị mkpa.Ogologo oge nke mmetụta fọdụrụnụ dị mkpa maka usoro mmemme.Ọ na-ekpebi oge dị n'etiti oge IRS ka ndị mmadụ wee na-echekwa ruo mgbe ịgba na-esote.Nsonaazụ cone bioassay kpughere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọnwụ n'etiti ụdị elu mgbidi n'oge dị iche iche mgbe IRS gasịrị.Ọnwụ n'elu ebe a na-agwọ DDT na-adị mgbe niile n'okpuru ọkwa WHO na-eju afọ (ya bụ, ≥80%), ebe na mgbidi SP-agwọta, ọnwụ na-anọgide na-eju afọ ruo izu nke anọ ka IRS gasịrị;Site na nsonaazụ ndị a, o doro anya na ọ bụ ezie na shrimp ọlaọcha a chọtara na mpaghara ọmụmụ ihe na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu na SP, uru fọdụrụnụ nke SP dịgasị iche dabere na HT.Dị ka DDT, SP anaghị ezute ogologo oge arụmọrụ akọwapụtara na ntuziaka WHO [41, 42].Enweghi ike a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmejuputa iwu na-adịghị mma nke IRS (ya bụ ịkwagharị mgbapụta ahụ na ọsọ kwesịrị ekwesị, anya site na mgbidi, ọnụego mwepu na nha nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri na ntinye ha na mgbidi), yana iji ọgwụ na-adịghị mma (ie. nkwadebe ngwọta) [11,28,43].Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na e mere ọmụmụ ihe a n'okpuru nlekota na njikwa siri ike, ihe ọzọ kpatara na-agaghị ezute Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa kwadoro ụbọchị njedebe nwere ike ịbụ àgwà nke SP (ya bụ, pasent nke ihe na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ "AI") nke mejupụtara QC.
N'ime ụdị elu atọ a na-eji nyochaa nkwụsi ike nke pesticide, a hụrụ ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọnwụ n'etiti BUU na CPLC maka ọgwụ abụọ.Ihe nchoputa ohuru ozo bu na CPLC gosiputara oru ndi ozo kacha mma n'ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ oge ọ bụla mgbe ịgbasasịrị BUU na PMP na-esote.Agbanyeghị, izu abụọ ka IRS gasịrị, PMP dekọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ kachasị elu na nke abụọ kachasị elu sitere na DDT na SP, n'otu n'otu.Nsonaazụ a na-egosi na ọgwụ pesticide etinyere n'elu PMP adịghị adịgide ruo ogologo oge.Nke a dị iche na irè nke pesticide residues n'etiti ụdị mgbidi nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya, dị ka ihe mejupụtara nke kemịkalụ mgbidi (ịba ụba pH na-eme ka ụfọdụ pesticides daa ngwa ngwa), ọnụego absorption (nke dị elu na mgbidi ala), nnweta. nke nbibi nje na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmebi nke ihe mgbidi, yana okpomọkụ na iru mmiri [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49].Nsonaazụ anyị na-akwado ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara ịdị irè nke ebe a na-agwọ ụmụ ahụhụ megide ọrịa dị iche iche [45, 46, 50, 51].
Atụmatụ mbelata anwụnta n'ime ezinụlọ ndị a na-emeso ya gosiri na SP-IRS dị irè karịa DDT-IRS n'ịchịkwa anwụnta n'oge ọ bụla post-IRS (P <0.001).Maka agba SP-IRS na DDT-IRS, ọnụego mbelata maka ezinaụlọ a na-agwọ site na izu 2 ruo 12 bụ 55.6-90.5% na 14.1-34.1%, n'otu n'otu.Nsonaazụ ndị a gosikwara na mmetụta dị ukwuu na P. argentipes n'ụba na ezinụlọ sentinel hụrụ n'ime izu 4 nke mmejuputa IRS;Argentipe mụbara na agba abụọ nke IRS izu iri na abụọ mgbe IRS gasịrị;Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọnụọgụ anwụnta n'ụlọ ndị sentinel n'etiti agba abụọ nke IRS (P = 0.33).Nsonaazụ sitere na nyocha ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke njupụta shrimp ọlaọcha dị n'etiti otu ezinụlọ na gburugburu nke ọ bụla egosighikwa nnukwu ọdịiche dị na DDT n'ofe ụlọ anọ niile (ya bụ, sprayed vs. sentinel; sprayed vs. control; sentinel vs. control; complete vs. partial).).Otu ezinụlọ abụọ IRS na SP-IRS (ya bụ, sentinel vs. njikwa na zuru vs. ele mmadụ anya n'ihu).Otú ọ dị, a hụrụ nnukwu ọdịiche dị na njupụta nke shrimp ọlaọcha n'etiti DDT na SP-IRS n'ime ugbo ndị a na-efesa nke ọma.Nlebanya a, jikọtara ya na eziokwu ahụ bụ na agbakọtara mmetụta ntinye aka ọtụtụ oge mgbe IRS gasịrị, na-egosi na SP dị irè maka nchịkwa anwụnta n'ụlọ ndị a na-emecha ma ọ bụ nke ọma, ma ọ bụghị ọgwụgwọ.Agbanyeghị, ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ọdịiche pụtara ìhè n'ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta dị n'ụlọ sentinel n'etiti okirikiri DDT-IRS na SP IRS, nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta anakọtara n'oge DDT-IRS okirikiri dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere okirikiri SP-IRS..Ọgụgụ karịrị nke ukwuu.Nsonaazụ a na-egosi na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enwe mmetụta nke vector nwere mkpuchi IRS kachasị elu n'etiti ndị ezinụlọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na njikwa anwụnta n'ime ezinụlọ na-efesaghị.Dabere na nsonaazụ ya, SP nwere mmetụta mgbochi ka mma megide anwụnta anwụnta karịa DDT n'ụbọchị mbụ mgbe IRS gasịrị.Na mgbakwunye, alfa-cypermethrin bụ nke ndị otu SP, nwere mgbakasị ahụ na nsị na-egbu egbu na anwụnta yana dabara maka IRS [51, 52].Nke a nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara alfa-cypermethrin ji enwe mmetụta dị nta na mpụga.Nnyocha ọzọ [52] chọpụtara na ọ bụ ezie na alpha-cypermethrin gosipụtara nzaghachi ndị dị ugbu a na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ịkụ aka na nyocha ụlọ nyocha na n'ime ụlọ, ogige ahụ emepụtaghị nzaghachi na-adịghị mma na anwụnta n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụlọ nyocha.ụlọ.webụsaịtị.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, e mepụtara ụdị atọ nke maapụ ihe ize ndụ;A tụlere atụmatụ ihe egwu dị n'ọkwa ezinụlọ na ọkwa mpaghara site na nlele ubi nke njupụta shrimp ọlaọcha.Nnyocha nke mpaghara ihe ize ndụ dabere na HT gosiri na ọtụtụ n'ime obodo nta (> 78%) nke Lavapur-Mahanara nọ n'ọkwa kachasị elu nke ihe ize ndụ nke ịbịaru ájá na ịmaliteghachi.Nke a nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe kpatara Rawalpur Mahanar VL ji ewu ewu.Achọpụtara ISV na IRSS n'ozuzu ya, yana maapụ ihe egwu jikọtara ikpeazụ, na-emepụta pasentị dị ala n'okpuru ebe ndị nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ n'oge SP-IRS (ma ọ bụghị gburugburu DDT-IRS).Mgbe SP-IRS gachara, nnukwu mpaghara mpaghara ihe egwu dị elu na agafeghị oke dabere na GT tụgharịrị gaa na mpaghara ihe egwu dị ala (ya bụ 60.5%; atụmatụ maapụ ihe egwu jikọtara ọnụ), nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu anọ dị ala (16.2%) karịa DDT.- Ọnọdụ ahụ dị na chaatị ihe ize ndụ nke IRS n'elu.Nsonaazụ a na-egosi na IRS bụ nhọrọ ziri ezi maka njikwa anwụnta, mana ogo nke nchebe na-adabere n'ịdị mma nke ụmụ ahụhụ, uche (na vector lekwasịrị anya), nnabata (n'oge IRS) na ngwa ya;
Nsonaazụ nleba anya n'ihe egwu ezinaụlọ gosipụtara ezigbo nkwekọrịta (P <0.05) n'etiti atụmatụ ihe egwu na njupụta nke shrimp ọlaọcha anakọtara site na ezinụlọ dị iche iche.Nke a na-egosi na ihe ndị achọpụtara n'ihe egwu ezinaụlọ na ọnụọgụ ihe egwu ha na-adabara nke ọma maka ịkọ n'ụba shrimp ọla ọcha.Uru R2 nke nyocha nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta post-IRS DDT bụ ≥ 0.78, nke hà nhata ma ọ bụ karịa uru tupu IRS (ya bụ, 0.78).Nsonaazụ gosiri na DDT-IRS dị irè na mpaghara ihe egwu HT niile (ya bụ, elu, ọkara na obere).Maka gburugburu SP-IRS, anyị chọpụtara na uru R2 gbanwere n'ime izu nke abụọ na nke anọ mgbe IRS rụchara ọrụ, ụkpụrụ nke izu abụọ tupu mmejuputa IRS na izu 12 mgbe mmejuputa IRS fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu;Nsonaazụ a na-egosipụta mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke mkpughe SP-IRS na anwụnta, nke gosipụtara na-ebelata ọnọdụ na oge oge mgbe IRS gasịrị.A kọwapụtala mmetụta nke SP-IRS ma tụle ya n'isiakwụkwọ ndị gara aga.
Nsonaazụ sitere na nyocha ubi nke mpaghara ihe egwu maapụ agbakọtara gosiri na n'oge gburugburu IRS, a na-anakọta ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke shrimp ọlaọcha na mpaghara ihe egwu dị elu (ya bụ> 55%), mpaghara ọkara na obere ihe ize ndụ sochiri.Na nchịkọta, ntule ihe ize ndụ gbasara ohere nke GIS egosila na ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ na-eme mkpebi dị irè maka ịchịkọta data dị iche iche dị iche iche n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ jikọtara ọnụ iji chọpụta ebe ihe ize ndụ aja.Maapụ ihe egwu emepụtara na-enye nghọta zuru oke nke ọnọdụ tupu na mgbe ntinye aka (ya bụ, ụdị ezinụlọ, ọkwa IRS, na mmetụta ntinye aka) na mpaghara ọmụmụ nke chọrọ ime ihe ozugbo ma ọ bụ nkwalite, ọkachasị na ọkwa micro.Ọnọdụ a ma ama.N'ezie, ọtụtụ nchọpụta ejirila ngwá ọrụ GIS mee ihe iji kọwaa ihe ize ndụ nke saịtị ọmụmụ vector na nkesa nkesa ọrịa na ọkwa macro [24,26,37].
A tụlere njirimara ụlọ na ihe ndị dị ize ndụ maka ntinye aka dabere na IRS maka ojiji na nyocha njupụta nke shrimp ọlaọcha.Ọ bụ ezie na ihe isii niile (ya bụ, TF, TW, TR, DS, ISV, na IRSS) nwere njikọ chiri anya na njupụta nke shrimp ọlaọcha dị na mpaghara na nyocha otu, ọ bụ naanị otu n'ime ha ka ahọpụtara n'ụdị nlọghachi azụ ikpeazụ n'ime ise.Nsonaazụ na-egosi na njirimara njikwa ndị a dọọrọ n'agha na ihe ntinye aka nke IRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, wdg na mpaghara ọmụmụ ihe dị mma maka nlekota mpụta, mgbake na mmeputakwa nke oporo ọlaọcha.N'ọtụtụ nyocha nyocha, TR ahụghị ka ọ dị ịrịba ama ya mere ahọpụtaghị ya na ụdị ikpeazụ.Ihe nlereanya ikpeazụ dị ịrịba ama nke ukwuu, yana paramita ahọpụtara na-akọwa 89% nke njupụta shrimp ọlaọcha.Nsonaazụ izi ezi nke ụdị gosipụtara njikọ siri ike n'etiti njupụta shrimp ọlaọcha amụma na nke a hụrụ.Nsonaazụ anyị na-akwadokwa ọmụmụ ihe mbụ nke tụlere ihe gbasara akụ na ụba na ihe egwu ụlọ jikọtara ya na mgbasa nke VL na nkesa oghere nke vector na ime obodo Bihar [15,29].
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị enyochaghị ntinye ọgwụ pesticide n'ahụ mgbidi ndị a gbasasịrị na mma (ya bụ) nke ọgwụ pesticide eji maka IRS.Ọdịiche dị na ogo pesticide na ọnụọgụ nwere ike imetụta anwụnta anwụnta yana ịdị irè nke enyemaka IRS.Ya mere, atụmatụ ọnwụ n'etiti ụdị elu na mmetụta ntinye aka n'etiti otu ezinụlọ nwere ike ịdị iche na nsonaazụ n'ezie.N'iburu n'uche isi ihe ndị a, enwere ike ịhazi ọmụmụ ihe ọhụrụ.Ntụle nke mkpokọta mpaghara dị n'ihe ize ndụ (iji GIS ihe ize ndụ maapụ) nke obodo ndị a na-amụ ihe na-agụnye oghere dị n'etiti obodo, nke na-emetụta nhazi nke mpaghara ihe ize ndụ (ya bụ njirimara nke mpaghara) ma gbasaa na mpaghara dị iche iche dị ize ndụ;Otú ọ dị, a na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe a na ọkwa micro, ya mere ala oghere nwere nanị obere mmetụta na nhazi nke ebe ndị dị ize ndụ;Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ịchọpụta na nyochaa mpaghara dị iche iche dị ize ndụ n'ime mkpokọta obodo ahụ nwere ike inye ohere ịhọrọ ebe maka iwu ụlọ ọhụrụ n'ọdịnihu (karịsịa nhọrọ nke mpaghara dị ala).N'ozuzu, nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a na-enye ozi dị iche iche nke a na-amụbeghị na ọkwa microscopic mbụ.Nke kachasị mkpa, ihe nnọchiteanya nke mbara ala nke map ihe ize ndụ nke obodo na-enyere aka ịmata na otu ezinụlọ dị iche iche dị iche iche dị ize ndụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nyocha nke ala omenala, usoro a dị mfe, dị mfe, na-akwụ ụgwọ na-abaghị uru na-arụ ọrụ, na-enye ozi nye ndị na-eme mkpebi.
Nsonaazụ anyị na-egosi na azụ̀zụzụ ọlaọcha dị n'ime obodo a na-amụ amụpụtala nguzogide (ya bụ, na-eguzogide nke ukwuu) megide DDT, na ahụrụ mpụta anwụnta ozugbo IRS gasịrị;Alfa-cypermethrin yiri ka ọ bụ nhọrọ ziri ezi maka njikwa IRS nke vectors VL n'ihi ọnwụ 100% na ntinye aka ka mma megide ijiji ọlaọcha, yana nnabata obodo ya ka mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere DDT-IRS.Otú ọ dị, anyị chọpụtara na anwụnta anwụnta na mgbidi SP-emeso dịgasị iche dabere n'ụdị elu;Ahụrụ nrụpụta ihe na-adịghị mma yana WHO tụrụ aro oge mgbe enwetaghị IRS.Ọmụmụ ihe a na-enye mmalite dị mma maka mkparịta ụka, nsonaazụ ya na-achọkwa nyocha ọzọ iji chọpụta ihe kpatara ya.The amụma izi ezi nke ájá iji njupụta analysis nlereanya gosiri na a Nchikota nke ụlọ e ji mara, ụmụ ahụhụ mmetụta nke vectors na IRS ọnọdụ nwere ike iji na-eme atụmatụ ájá iji njupụta na VL endemic obodo na Bihar.Ọmụmụ ihe anyị na-egosikwa na ijikọta maapụ ihe ize ndụ gbasara ohere GIS (ọkwa macro) nwere ike ịbụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru iji chọpụta ebe ndị dị ize ndụ iji nyochaa mpụta na mweghachi nke oke ájá tupu na mgbe nzukọ IRS gasịrị.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, map ndị dị ize ndụ na-enye nghọta zuru oke nke oke na ọdịdị nke ebe dị ize ndụ na ọkwa dị iche iche, nke a na-apụghị ịmụ site na nyocha ubi omenala na ụzọ nchịkọta data.Ozi ihe egwu Microspatial anakọtara site na maapụ GIS nwere ike inyere ndị sayensị sayensị na ndị na-eme nchọpụta ahụike ọha aka ịzụlite na mejuputa atumatu njikwa ọhụrụ (ya bụ otu ntinye aka ma ọ bụ njikwa vector jikọtara) iji ruo otu ezinụlọ dị iche iche dabere n'ụdị ọkwa dị ize ndụ.Na mgbakwunye, maapụ ihe egwu na-enyere aka ịkwalite oke na iji akụrụngwa njikwa n'oge na ebe kwesịrị ekwesị iji melite arụmọrụ mmemme.
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