Iji rụọ ọrụ nke ọmaịchịkwa anwụntana ibelata ọrịa nke ọrịa ha na-ebu, usoro dị iche iche, nke na-adigide na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma maka ọgwụ pesticides dị mkpa.Anyị tụlere nri mkpụrụ sitere na ụfọdụ Brassicaceae (ezinụlọ Brassica) dị ka isi iyi nke isothiocyanates sitere na osisi mepụtara site na enzymatic hydrolysis nke glucosinolates na-adịghị arụ ọrụ maka ojiji na njikwa nke Egypt Aedes (L., 1762).Nri mkpụrụ osisi ise (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 na Thlaspi arvense - ụdị atọ bụ isi nke nrụpụta kemịkalụ na nrụpụta kemịkalụ. ngwaahịa Iji chọpụta nsi (LC50) nke allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate na Aedes aegypti larvae na 24-hour ikpughe = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O).LC50 ụkpụrụ maka mọstad, ọcha mọstad na horsetail.nri mkpụrụ bụ 0.05, 0.08 na 0.05 n'otu n'otu tụnyere allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) na 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) bụ ihe na-egbu egbu na larvae site na 24 awa mgbe ọgwụgwọ g20.10.Nsonaazụ ndị a dabara na mmepụta nke mkpụrụ alfalfa.Ịrụ ọrụ dị elu nke benzyl esters dabara na ụkpụrụ LC50 gbakọrọ.Iji nri mkpụrụ nwere ike inye ụzọ dị irè nke ịchịkwa anwụnta.irè nke mkpụrụ osisi cruciferous ntụ ntụ na ihe ndị bụ isi kemịkalụ megide anwụnta larvae ma na-egosi otú ogige ndị dị na mkpụrụ osisi cruciferous nwere ike isi rụọ ọrụ dị ka larvicide na-ekwe nkwa gburugburu ebe obibi maka njikwa anwụnta.
Ọrịa vector na-ebute site n'aka anwụnta Aedes ka bụ isi nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze zuru ụwa ọnụ.Ọrịa na-ebute anwụnta na-agbasa na mpaghara1,2,3 wee maliteghachi ọzọ, na-ebute ntiwapụ nke ọrịa siri ike4,5,6,7.Mgbasa ọrịa n'etiti mmadụ na anụmanụ (dịka, chikungunya, dengue, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever na virus Zika) bụ nke a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ.Ahụ ọkụ dengue naanị na-etinye ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 3.6 n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa na oke okpomọkụ, ebe e mere atụmatụ na nde 390 na-efe efe na-eme kwa afọ, na-akpata ọnwụ 6,100-24,300 kwa afọ8.Mpụtaghachi na ntiwapụ nke nje Zika na South America adọtala uche ụwa niile n'ihi mmebi ụbụrụ ọ na-akpata n'ụmụaka a mụrụ n'aka ụmụ nwanyị bu ọrịa2.Kremer et al 3 na-ebu amụma na mpaghara mpaghara nke anwụnta Aedes ga-aga n'ihu na-agbasawanye nakwa na site na 2050, ọkara nke ndị bi n'ụwa ga-anọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa site na arboviruses na-ebute anwụnta.
Ewezuga ọgwụ mgbochi ewepụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya megide ọrịa dengue na yellow fever, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa megide ọtụtụ ọrịa anwụnta na-ebutebeghị 9,10,11.Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ka dị na oke oke ma a na-eji ya naanị na ule ụlọ ọgwụ.Ijikwa ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ sịntetik bụ usoro dị mkpa iji chịkwaa mgbasa nke ọrịa anwụnta na-ebute12,13.Ọ bụ ezie na ọgwụ pesticide sịntetik na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'igbu anwụnta, ịnọgide na-eji ọgwụ pesticide sịntetik eme ihe na-emetụta ihe ndị na-abụghị nke ezubere iche ma metọọ gburugburu14,15,16.Ọbụna ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ bụ omume nke ịba ụba anwụnta na-eguzogide ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ kemịkal17,18,19.Nsogbu ndị a metụtara ọgwụ na-egbu egbu emewo ka ịchọọ ụzọ dị mma na nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi iji chịkwaa ihe mgbochi ọrịa.
E mepụtala osisi dị iche iche dị ka isi mmalite nke phytopesticides maka njikwa pesti20,21.Ihe ọkụkụ na-enwekarị enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịdị ndụ ma nwee nsí dị ala ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị eleghara anya maka ihe ndị na-adịghị echere ihe dị ka mammals, azụ na amphibians20,22.A maara nkwadebe ahịhịa na-emepụta ogige dị iche iche nke bioactive nwere usoro dị iche iche nke ime ihe iji chịkwaa usoro ndụ dị iche iche nke anwụnta nke ọma23,24,25,26.Ogige ndị sitere na osisi dị ka mmanụ dị mkpa na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike enwetala nlebara anya ma meghee ụzọ maka ngwaọrụ ọhụrụ iji chịkwaa vectors anwụnta.Mmanụ ndị dị mkpa, monoterpenes na sesquiterpenes na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-asọ oyi, ihe mgbochi nri na ovicides27,28,29,30,31,32,33.Ọtụtụ mmanụ nri na-akpata ọnwụ nke larvae anwụnta, pupae na ndị okenye34,35,36, na-emetụta ụjọ, iku ume, endocrine na usoro ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke ụmụ ahụhụ37.
Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya enyela nghọta maka iji osisi mọstad na mkpụrụ ha dị ka isi iyi nke ogige bioactive.A nwalere nri mkpụrụ osisi mọstad dị ka biofumigant38,39,40,41 wee jiri ya mee mgbanwe ala maka mkpochapụ ahịhịa42,43,44 na njikwa nke ihe ọkụkụ na-ebute ala45,46,47,48,49,50, nri ahịhịa.nematodes 41,51, 52, 53, 54 na pests 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. A na-ekwu na ọrụ fungicidal nke mkpụrụ osisi powders ndị a sitere na ogige nchebe osisi a na-akpọ isothiocyanates38,42,60.N'ime osisi, a na-echekwa ogige nchebe ndị a na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọkụkụ n'ụdị glucosinolates na-abụghị bioactive.Otú ọ dị, mgbe ihe ọkụkụ mebiri site na nri ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa nje, glucosinolates bụ hydrolyzed site myrosinase n'ime bioactive isothiocyanates55,61.Isothiocyanates bụ ogige ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe mara na ha nwere ọrụ antimicrobial na ụmụ ahụhụ, na nhazi ha, ọrụ ndụ na ọdịnaya dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị Brassicaceae42,59,62,63.
Ọ bụ ezie na a maara isothiocyanates sitere na nri mkpụrụ mọstad na-arụ ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ, data gbasara ọrụ ndụ megide vectors arthropod dị mkpa nke ahụike adịghị ụkọ.Ọmụmụ ihe anyị nyochara ọrụ larvicidal nke mkpụrụ osisi anọ na-emebi emebi megide anwụnta Aedes.Larvae nke Aedes aegypti.Ebumnobi ọmụmụ ihe a bụ ịtụle iji ha eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ biopesticide na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka njikwa anwụnta.A nwalekwara akụkụ atọ bụ isi kemịkalụ nke nri mkpụrụ, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) iji nwalee ọrụ ndụ nke ihe ndị a kemịkalụ na larvae anwụnta.Nke a bụ akụkọ mbụ na-enyocha ịdị irè nke mkpụrụ osisi kabeeji anọ na ihe ndị bụ isi ha na-eme megide larvae anwụnta.
A na-edobe ụlọ nyocha nke Aedes aegypti (ụdị Rockefeller) na 26 Celsius C, iru mmiri 70% (RH) na 10:14 h (L: D photoperiod).A na-edobe ụmụ nwanyị mated na ngịga rọba (ịdị elu 11 cm na dayameta 9.5 cm) wee nye ya nri site na usoro inye nri karama site na iji ọbara anụ ahụ (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, USA).A na-eme nri ọbara dị ka ọ dị na mbụ site na iji mpempe akwụkwọ akpụkpọ anụ multi-glass feeder (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) jikọtara ya na tube mmiri na-ekesa (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) na okpomọkụ. akara 37 Celsius C.Gbatịa ihe nkiri Parafilm M na ala nke ụlọ nri iko ọ bụla (mpaghara 154 mm2).A na-etinyekwa nri ọ bụla n'elu grid nke na-ekpuchi oghere nwere nwanyị na-akpakọrịta.Ihe dị ka 350-400 μl nke ọbara anụ ka agbakwunyere na oghere nri iko iko site na iji Pasteur pipette (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) na ikpuru ndị okenye ka a na-ahapụ ka ọ gbapụta ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu awa.E nyere ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ihe ngwọta sucrose 10% ma hapụ ha ka ha tinye akwa n'ime akwụkwọ nzacha mmiri dị n'ime iko soufflé ultra-clear (1.25 fl oz size, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA).onu na mmiri.Tinye akwụkwọ nzacha nwere akwa n'ime akpa akara (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) wee chekwaa na 26°C.Akụcha akwa ndị ahụ na ihe dị ka 200-250 larvae ka etolite n'ime trays rọba nwere ngwakọta nke rabbit chow (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) na ntụ ntụ imeju (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA).na fillet azụ (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Germany) na oke nke 2: 1: 1.A na-eji larvae ikpeazụ nke atọ mee ihe na bioassay anyị.
A nwetara ihe ọkụkụ nke ejiri mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe a site na isi mmalite azụmahịa na gọọmentị ndị a: Brassica juncea (brown mustard-Pacific Gold) na Brassica juncea (white mustard-Ida Gold) sitere na Pacific Northwest Farmers' Cooperative, Washington State, USA;(Garden Cress) sitere na Kelly Mkpụrụ na Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, USA na Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) sitere na USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA;Ọ dịghị mkpụrụ osisi ndị e ji mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe a na-eji ọgwụ nje eme ihe.A haziri ma jiri mkpụrụ osisi niile mee ihe n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a dịka ụkpụrụ obodo na nke mba siri dị yana n'usoro iwu obodo na obodo niile dị mkpa.Ọmụmụ ihe a enyochaghị ụdị osisi transgenic.
Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), White mọstad (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) mkpụrụ osisi na-egweri na ezigbo ntụ ntụ na-eji Retsch ZM200 ultracentrifugal igwe nri (Retsch, Haan, Germany) nke nwere ntupu 0.75 mm na igwe anaghị agba nchara. ígwè rotor, 12 ezé, 10,000 rpm (Table 1).A na-ebufe mkpụrụ osisi n'ala na thimble akwụkwọ ma mebie ya na hexane na ngwa Soxhlet maka awa 24.Ihe atụ nke ahịhịa mọstad mebiri emebi bụ okpomọkụ na 100 Celsius C maka 1 h iji denature myrosinase ma gbochie hydrolysis nke glucosinolates iji mepụta isothiocyanates na-arụ ọrụ ndụ.A na-eji ntụ ntụ mkpụrụ osisi horsetail na-ekpo ọkụ (DFP-HT) mee ihe dị ka nchịkwa na-adịghị mma site na denaturing myrosinase.
Achọpụtara ọdịnaya Glucosinolate nke nri mkpụrụ osisi agbajiri agbaji ugboro atọ site na iji chromatography mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị elu (HPLC) dịka ụkpụrụ 64 e bipụtara na mbụ.Na nkenke, 3 ml nke methanol ka agbakwunyere na ihe nlele 250 mg nke ntụ ntụ mkpụrụ emebighị emebi.A na-etinye ihe nlele ọ bụla n'ime mmiri ịsa mmiri maka nkeji 30 wee hapụ ya n'ọchịchịrị na 23 Celsius maka awa 16.A na-enyocha aliquot 1 ml nke oyi akwa organic site na nzacha 0.45 μm n'ime ihe nrụpụta autosampler.Na-agba ọsọ na Shimadzu HPLC usoro (abụọ LC 20AD nfuli; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS detector maka nlekota na 237 nm; na CBM-20A ụgbọ ala ụgbọ ala modul), ihe glucosinolate ọdịnaya nke mkpụrụ nri e kpebisiri ike. na okpukpu atọ .iji Shimadzu LC Solution ụdị software 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA).Kọlụm ahụ bụ kọlụm reverse C18 Inertsil (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, USA).E debere ọnọdụ akpaaka nke mbụ na 12% methanol/88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide na mmiri (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) na ọnụego 1 mL / min.Mgbe ịgbanye 15 μl nke ihe nlele, a na-edobe ọnọdụ mbụ maka nkeji iri abụọ, wee gbanwee ihe mgbaze ka ọ bụrụ 100% methanol, yana ngụkọta oge nyocha nke nkeji 65.Ọkọlọtọ curve (nM/mAb dabere) bụ nke usoro sinapine akwadoro ọhụrụ, glucosinolate na myrosin ụkpụrụ (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) mere iji chọpụta ọdịnaya sọlfọ dị n'ime nri mkpụrụ emebibeghị.glucosinolates.A nwalere mkpokọta Glucosinolate na nlele na Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) site na iji ụdị OpenLAB CDS ChemStation (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) nwere otu kọlụm yana iji usoro akọwara na mbụ.A na-ekpebi mkpokọta Glucosinolate;atụnyere n'etiti HPLC usoro.
Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, kwụsiri ike) na benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) zụtara n'aka Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).A zụtara 4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate n'aka ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA).Mgbe enzymatically hydrolyzed site myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, na glucosinolates na-etolite allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate, n'otu n'otu.
Emere bioassay ụlọ nyocha dịka usoro Muturi et al.32 nwere mgbanwe.A na-eji nri mkpụrụ osisi dị ala ise mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG na Ls.A na-etinye larvae iri abụọ na 400 ml nke a na-atụfu beaker ụzọ atọ (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) nwere 120 mL mmiri deionized (dH2O).A nwalere nchịkọta nri mkpụrụ asaa maka nsị anwụnta anwụnta: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 na 0.12 g nri mkpụrụ / 120 ml dH2O maka nri mkpụrụ DFP, DFP-HT, IG na PG.Nyocha bioassay nke mbido na-egosi na ntụ ọka mkpụrụ Ls agbajiri agbajiri na-egbu egbu karịa ntụ ọka mkpụrụ anọ ndị ọzọ nwalere.Ya mere, anyị na-edozi nchịkọta ọgwụgwọ asaa nke nri mkpụrụ Ls na nchịkọta ndị a: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, na 0.075 g/120 mL dH2O.
Agụnyere otu njikwa anaghị agwọ ọrịa (dH20, enweghị mgbakwunye nri mkpụrụ) iji chọpụta ọnwụ ụmụ ahụhụ nkịtị n'okpuru ọnọdụ nyocha.Bioassay nke toxicological maka nri mkpụrụ ọ bụla gụnyere beaker atọ nwere mkpọda atọ (20 late three instar larvae per beaker), maka ngụkọta nke 108 vials.A na-echekwa ihe ndị a gwọchara n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ (20-21 Celsius C) ma dekọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ n'ime awa 24 na 72 nke ikpughe na-aga n'ihu na nchịkọta ọgwụgwọ.Ọ bụrụ na ahụ anwụnta na ihe ndị ọzọ anaghị emegharị ahụ mgbe ejiri obere igwe anaghị agba nchara maa ya ma ọ bụ metụ ya aka, a na-ewere larvae anwụnta ahụ nwụrụ anwụ.Larvae nwụrụ anwụ na-anọkarị n'ebe azụ ma ọ bụ ventral na ala nke akpa ma ọ bụ n'elu mmiri.A na-emegharị nnwale ahụ ugboro atọ n'ụbọchị dị iche iche na-eji ụdị dị iche iche nke larvae dị iche iche, maka ngụkọta nke 180 larvae na-ekpughere nchịkọta ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla.
A na-enyocha nsi AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC dị na larvae anwụnta site na iji otu usoro bioassay mana enwere ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche.Kwadebe 100,000 ppm ihe ngwọta maka kemịkalụ ọ bụla site n'ịgbakwunye 100 µL nke kemịkal na 900 µL nke ethanol zuru oke na tube 2-mL centrifuge na ịma jijiji maka 30 sekọnd ka ịgwakọta nke ọma.Ekpebiri mkpokọta ọgwụgwọ dabere na bioassays mbụ anyị, nke chọpụtara na BITC na-egbu egbu karịa AITC na 4-HBITC.Iji chọpụta nsi, 5 ntinye nke BITC (1, 3, 6, 9 na 12 ppm), 7 ntinye nke AITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 na 35 ppm) na 6 ntinye nke 4-HBITC (15). , 15, 20, 25, 30 na 35 ppm).30, 45, 60, 75 na 90 ppm).A na-agbanye ọgwụgwọ nchịkwa ahụ na 108 μL nke ethanol zuru oke, nke kwekọrọ na oke kachasị nke ọgwụgwọ kemịkal.A na-emegharị bioassays dị ka nke dị n'elu, na-ekpughe mkpokọta 180 larvae kwa nchịkọta ọgwụgwọ.Edere ọnwụ nke Larval maka mkpokọta AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC mgbe awa 24 gachara.
Ejiri ngwanrọ Polo (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, ụdị 1.0) nyochaa uru uru nke data ọnwụ metụtara dose 65 iji gbakọọ mkpokọta 50% na-egbu egbu (LC50), 90% itinye uche na-egbu egbu (LC90), mkpọda, ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na 95. % itinye uche na-egbu egbu.dabere na oge ntụkwasị obi maka oke ọnụọgụ na-egbu egbu maka itinye uche na-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ ọnwụ.Ihe omuma nke onwu dabere na data nchikota nke larvae 180 ekpughere na ntinye ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla.A na-eme nyocha nke puru omume iche iche maka nri mkpụrụ ọ bụla na akụkụ kemịkal ọ bụla.Dabere na oge ntụkwasị obi 95% nke oke ọnụọgụ egbu egbu, a na-ahụta nsi nke nri mkpụrụ na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ na larvae anwụnta dị nnọọ iche, yabụ oge ntụkwasị obi nwere uru nke 1 adịchaghị iche, P = 0.0566.
A na-edepụta nsonaazụ HPLC maka mkpebi nke isi glucosinolates dị na ntụ ọka mkpụrụ osisi defatted DFP, IG, PG na Ls na Tebụl 1. Isi glucosinolates dị na ntụ ọka mkpụrụ a nwalere dị iche iche ma e wezụga DFP na PG, nke abụọ nwere myrosinase glucosinolates.Ọdịnaya myrosinin dị na PG dị elu karịa na DFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 na 26.5 ± 0.9 mg/g, n'otu n'otu.Ls mkpụrụ ntụ ntụ nwere 36.6 ± 1.2 mg / g glucoglycone, ebe IG mkpụrụ ntụ ntụ nwere 38.0 ± 0.5 mg / g sinapine.
Larvae nke Ae.A na-egbu anwụnta Aedes aegypti mgbe ejiri mkpụrụ osisi mebie ya, n'agbanyeghị na ịdị irè nke ọgwụgwọ ahụ dịgasị iche dabere na ụdị osisi.Naanị DFP-NT adịghị egbu egbu na larvae anwụnta mgbe 24 na 72 h nke ikpughe (Table 2).Ihe na-egbu egbu nke mkpụrụ osisi na-arụ ọrụ na-abawanye ụba na ntinye uche (Fig 1A, B).Nsi nke nri mkpụrụ na larvae anwụnta dịgasị iche iche dabere na 95% CI nke ọnụọgụ egbu egbu nke ụkpụrụ LC50 na nyocha elekere 24 na 72 (Table 3).Mgbe awa 24 gachara, mmetụta na-egbu egbu nke nri mkpụrụ Ls dị ukwuu karịa ọgwụgwọ nri mkpụrụ ndị ọzọ, yana ọrụ kachasị elu na oke nsi na larvae (LC50 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O).Larvae enwechaghị mmetụta na DFP na awa 24 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ osisi IG, Ls na PG, yana ụkpụrụ LC50 nke 0.115, 0.04 na 0.08 g / 120 ml dH2O n'otu n'otu, nke dị elu karịa uru LC50.0.211 g/120 ml dH2O (Table 3).Ụkpụrụ LC90 nke DFP, IG, PG na Ls bụ 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 na 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O, n'otu n'otu (Table 2).Ihe kachasị elu nke DPP bụ 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O.Mgbe nyochachara awa 24 gachara, nkezi nke ịnwụ anwụ bụ naanị 12%, ebe nkezi ọnwụ nke IG na PG larvae ruru 51% na 82% n'otu n'otu.Mgbe awa 24 gachara nyocha, nkezi nke ịnwụ anwụ maka oke kachasị nke ọgwụgwọ nri mkpụrụ Ls (0.075 g/120 ml dH2O) bụ 99% (Fig 1A).
A na-eme atụmatụ ọnụọgụ ọnwụ site na nzaghachi dose (Probit) nke Ae.Larvae Egypt (larvae instar nke atọ) na-etinye uche na nri mkpụrụ awa 24 (A) na awa 72 (B) mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị.Ahịrị nwere ntụpọ na-anọchi anya LC50 nke ọgwụgwọ nri mkpụrụ.DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat anaghị arụ ọrụ Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Gold), Ls Lepidium sativum.
Na nyocha elekere 72, ụkpụrụ LC50 nke DFP, IG na nri mkpụrụ PG bụ 0.111, 0.085 na 0.051 g / 120 ml dH2O, n'otu n'otu.Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ larvae niile ekpughere na nri mkpụrụ Ls nwụrụ mgbe 72 h ekpughere ya, yabụ data ọnwụ ekwekọghị na nyocha Probit.E jiri ya tụnyere nri mkpụrụ ndị ọzọ, larvae adịghị enwe mmetụta maka ọgwụgwọ nri mkpụrụ DFP ma nwee ụkpụrụ LC50 dị elu nke ukwuu (Table 2 na 3).Mgbe awa 72 gachara, ụkpụrụ LC50 maka ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ osisi DFP, IG na PG bụ 0.111, 0.085 na 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O, n'otu n'otu.Mgbe awa 72 nyochachara, ụkpụrụ LC90 nke DFP, IG na PG ntụ ntụ bụ 0.215, 0.254 na 0.138 g/120 ml dH2O, n'otu n'otu.Mgbe awa 72 nke nyocha gasịrị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ maka ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ osisi DFP, IG na PG na njedebe kachasị nke 0.12 g / 120 ml dH2O bụ 58%, 66% na 96%, n'otu n'otu (Fig 1B).Mgbe nyocha nke awa 72 gachara, a chọpụtara na nri mkpụrụ PG na-egbu egbu karịa nri mkpụrụ IG na DFP.
isothiocyanates sịntetik, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) nwere ike igbu anwụnta nke ọma.Na awa 24 ka ọgwụgwọ gasịrị, BITC na-egbu egbu karịa larvae nwere uru LC50 nke 5.29 ppm ma e jiri ya tụnyere 19.35 ppm maka AITC na 55.41 ppm maka 4-HBITC (Table 4).Tụnyere AITC na BITC, 4-HBITC nwere nsi dị ala yana uru LC50 dị elu.Enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na nsi anwụnta anwụnta nke isi isothiocyanates abụọ (Ls na PG) na nri mkpụrụ kacha sie ike.Nsi nke dabere na oke ọnụọgụ egbu egbu nke ụkpụrụ LC50 n'etiti AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC gosipụtara ọdịiche ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na 95% CI nke ọnụọgụ egbu egbu egbu LC50 etinyeghị uru nke 1 (P = 0.05, Tebụl. 4).Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke BITC na AITC na-eme atụmatụ igbu 100% nke larvae nwalere (Foto 2).
A na-eme atụmatụ ọnụọgụ ọnwụ site na nzaghachi dose (Probit) nke Ae.Mgbe awa 24 gachara ọgwụgwọ, larvae Egypt (larvae instar nke atọ) ruru mkpokọta isothiocyanate sịntetik.Ahịrị nwere ntụpọ na-anọchite anya LC50 maka ọgwụgwọ isothiocyanate.Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC na 4-HBITC.
Ogologo oge ka a mụọla iji ọgwụ biopesticide osisi eme ihe dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka njikwa anwụnta.Ọtụtụ osisi na-emepụta kemịkalụ eke nwere ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ37.Ngwakọta ha na-emepụta ihe na-enye ihe ọzọ mara mma maka ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ sịntetik nwere ikike dị ukwuu n'ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ, gụnyere anwụnta.
A na-akụ osisi mọstad dị ka ihe ọkụkụ maka mkpụrụ ha, ejiri ya mee ihe dị ka ose na isi mmanụ.Mgbe a na-amịpụta mmanụ mọstad site na mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-amịpụta mọstad maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka mmanụ mmanụ, 69 ihe ndị a na-emepụta bụ nri mkpuruedemede.Nri mkpụrụ osisi a na-ejigide ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara biochemical ya na enzymes hydrolytic.A na-ekwu na nsị nke nri mkpụrụ a sitere na mmepụta nke isothiocyanates55,60,61.A na-emepụta Isothiocyanates site na hydrolysis nke glucosinolates site na enzyme myrosinase n'oge hydration nke mkpụrụ nri38,55,70 ma mara na ha nwere fungicidal, bactericidal, nematicidal na ụmụ ahụhụ, yana ihe ndị ọzọ gụnyere mmetụta anụ ahụ kemịkalụ na chemotherapeutic Properties61,62, 70.Ọtụtụ nchọpụta egosila na osisi mọstad na nri mkpụrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ndị na-eme ihe megide ala na pests nri echekwara57,59,71,72.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị tụlere nsi nke nri mkpụrụ anọ na ngwaahịa atọ bioactive AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC na-aga n'ahụ anwụnta Aedes.Aedes aegypti.A na-atụ anya ịgbakwụnye nri mkpụrụ ozugbo na mmiri nwere larvae anwụnta ga-eme ka usoro enzymatic rụọ ọrụ nke na-emepụta isothiocyanates nke na-egbu egbu na larvae anwụnta.E gosipụtara biotransformation a n'otu akụkụ site na ọrụ larvicidal a na-ahụ anya nke nri mkpụrụ na mfu nke ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ mgbe nri mkpụrụ mọstad dwarf na-ekpo ọkụ tupu ejiri ya.A na-atụ anya ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ ga-ebibi enzymes hydrolytic nke na-arụ ọrụ glucosinolates, si otú a na-egbochi ịmepụta isothiocyanates bioactive.Nke a bụ ọmụmụ ihe mbụ iji kwado njirimara ụmụ ahụhụ nke mkpụrụ osisi kabeeji megide anwụnta na gburugburu mmiri.
N'ime ntụ ntụ mkpụrụ a nwalere, ntụ ntụ mmiri mmiri (Ls) bụ nke kacha egbu egbu, na-ebute oke ọnwụ nke Aedes albopictus.A na-edozi larvae Aedes aegypti ruo awa iri abụọ na anọ.Mkpụrụ ntụ ntụ atọ fọdụrụ (PG, IG na DFP) nwere ọrụ nwayọ nwayọ ma ka na-akpata ọnwụ dị ukwuu mgbe awa 72 nke ọgwụgwọ na-aga n'ihu.Naanị nri mkpụrụ Ls nwere nnukwu glucosinolates, ebe PG na DFP nwere myrosinase na IG nwere glucosinolate dị ka isi glucosinolate (Table 1).A na-agbanye Glucotropaeolin na BITC na sinalbine ka a na-agbanye ya na 4-HBITC61,62.Nsonaazụ bioassay anyị na-egosi na ma nri mkpụrụ Ls na BITC sịntetik na-egbu egbu na anwụnta.Akụkụ bụ isi nke nri mkpụrụ PG na DFP bụ myrosinase glucosinolate, nke a na-eme ka mmiri dị na AITC.AITC dị irè n'iji uru LC50 nke 19.35 ppm gbuo larvae anwụnta.Tụnyere AITC na BITC, 4-HBITC isothiocyanate bụ nke kacha egbu egbu na larvae.Ọ bụ ezie na AITC adịghị egbu egbu karịa BITC, ụkpụrụ LC50 ha dị ala karịa ọtụtụ mmanụ dị mkpa a nwalere na larvae anwụnta32,73,74,75.
Mkpụrụ osisi cruciferous anyị maka iji megide larvae anwụnta nwere otu glucosinolate bụ isi, na-aza ihe karịrị 98-99% nke mkpokọta glucosinolates dịka HPLC siri kpebie.Achọpụtara ọnụọgụ nke glucosinolates ndị ọzọ, mana ọkwa ha erughị 0.3% nke mkpokọta glucosinolates.Watercress (L. sativum) mkpụrụ ntụ ntụ nwere glucosinolates nke abụọ (sinigrin), mana oke ha bụ 1% nke mkpokọta glucosinolates, ọdịnaya ha ka dịkwa ntakịrị (ihe dị ka 0.4 mg / g mkpụrụ ntụ ntụ).Ọ bụ ezie na PG na DFP nwere otu glucosinolate (myrosin), ọrụ larvicidal nke nri mkpụrụ ha dị iche iche n'ihi ụkpụrụ LC50 ha.Na-adịgasị iche na nsi ka mildew powdery.Mpụta nke Aedes aegypti larvae nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọdịiche dị na ọrụ myrosinase ma ọ bụ nkwụsi ike n'etiti nri mkpụrụ abụọ ahụ.Ọrụ Myrosinase na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na bioavailability nke ngwaahịa hydrolysis dị ka isothiocyanates na osisi Brassicaceae76.Akụkọ gara aga nke Pocock et al.77 na Wilkinson et al.78 egosila na mgbanwe na ọrụ myrosinase na nkwụsi ike nwekwara ike jikọta ya na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi.
A na-agbakọ ọdịnaya isothiocyanate bioactive nke a tụrụ anya ya dabere na ụkpụrụ LC50 nke nri mkpụrụ ọ bụla na awa 24 na 72 (Table 5) maka iji kemịkalụ dabara adaba.Mgbe awa 24 gachara, isothiocyanates dị na nri mkpụrụ na-egbu egbu karịa ogige dị ọcha.Ụkpụrụ LC50 gbakọrọ dabere na akụkụ kwa nde (ppm) nke ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ nke isothiocyanate dị ala karịa ụkpụrụ LC50 maka ngwa BITC, AITC, na 4-HBITC.Anyị hụrụ na larvae na-eri pellet nri mkpụrụ (Foto 3A).N'ihi ya, larvae nwere ike nweta mkpughe nke isothiocyanates na-egbu egbu site n'itinye pellet nri mkpụrụ.Nke a pụtara ìhè nke ọma na ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ osisi IG na PG na mkpughe 24-h, ebe nchịkọta LC50 dị 75% na 72% dị ala karịa ọgwụgwọ AITC dị ọcha na 4-HBITC, n'otu n'otu.Ọgwụ Ls na DFP bụ ndị na-egbu egbu karịa isothiocyanate dị ọcha, yana ụkpụrụ LC50 24% na 41% dị ala, n'otu n'otu.Larvae na akara ọgwụgwọ ọma pupated (Fig. 3B), mgbe ọtụtụ larvae na mkpụrụ nri ọgwụgwọ emeghị pupate na larval mmepe budata egbu oge (Fig. 3B,D).Na Spodopteralitura, isothiocyanates jikọtara ya na nkwụghachi azụ na mmepe mmepe79.
Larvae nke Ae.A na-ekpughe anwụnta Aedes aegypti na ntụ ntụ mkpụrụ Brassica maka awa 24-72.(A) Larvae nwụrụ anwụ nwere irighiri nri mkpụrụ n'akụkụ ọnụ (gburugburu);(B) Ngwọta nchịkwa (dH20 na-enweghị nri mkpụrụ osisi agbakwunyere) na-egosi na larvae na-etolite na-emekarị ma malite ịmalite mgbe awa 72 gasịrị (C, D) Larvae na-emeso nri mkpụrụ;nri mkpụrụ ahụ gosipụtara ọdịiche dị na mmepe ma ọ bụghị pupate.
Anyị amụbeghị usoro mmetụta nsị nke isothiocyanates na-enwe na larvae anwụnta.Otú ọ dị, nchọpụta gara aga na ndanda ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie (Solenopsis invicta) egosila na mgbochi nke glutathione S-transferase (GST) na esterase (EST) bụ isi usoro nke isothiocyanate bioactivity, na AITC, ọbụna na obere ọrụ, nwekwara ike igbochi ọrụ GST. .ndanda ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie na-ebubata na obere mkpokọta.Ọgwụ a bụ 0.5 μg / ml 80.N'ụzọ dị iche, AITC na-egbochi acetylcholinesterase n'ime anụ ọka ọka okenye (Sitophilus zeamais)81.A ghaghị ime ọmụmụ ihe yiri nke ahụ iji kọwaa usoro ọrụ isothiocyanate na larvae anwụnta.
Anyị na-eji ọgwụgwọ DFP anaghị arụ ọrụ okpomọkụ iji kwado atụmatụ na hydrolysis nke glucosinolates osisi iji mepụta isothiocyanates reactive na-arụ ọrụ dị ka usoro maka njikwa ahịrị anwụnta site na nri mkpụrụ mọstad.Nri mkpụrụ DFP-HT adịghị egbu egbu na ọnụego ngwa a nwalere.Lafarga et al.82 kọrọ na glucosinolates na-enwe mmetụta maka mmebi na oke okpomọkụ.A na-atụkwa anya ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ ga-ewepụ enzyme myrosinase na nri mkpụrụ ma gbochie hydrolysis nke glucosinolates iji mepụta isothiocyanates na-arụ ọrụ.Nke a gosikwara Okunade et al.75 gosiri na myrosinase na-enwe mmetụta okpomọkụ, na-egosi na arụrụ ọrụ myrosinase arụghị ọrụ kpamkpam mgbe mọstad, mọstad ojii, na mkpụrụ osisi ọbara kpuchiri okpomọkụ n'elu 80 °.C. Usoro ndị a nwere ike ibute mfu nke ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ nke nri mkpụrụ DFP a na-ekpo ọkụ.
Ya mere, nri mkpụrụ mọstad na isi atọ ya bụ isothiocyanates na-egbu egbu na anwụnta.Nyere ndịiche ndị a dị n'etiti nri mkpụrụ osisi na ọgwụgwọ kemịkal, iji nri mkpụrụ nwere ike bụrụ ụzọ dị irè nke ịchịkwa anwụnta.Ọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta usoro ndị kwesịrị ekwesị na usoro nnyefe dị irè iji meziwanye nrụpụta na nkwụsi ike nke iji ntụ ntụ mkpụrụ.Nsonaazụ anyị na-egosi na enwere ike iji nri mkpụrụ mọstad dị ka ihe ọzọ na-eji ọgwụ pesticide sịntetik eme ihe.Nkà na ụzụ a nwere ike ịghọ ngwá ọrụ ọhụrụ maka ịchịkwa vector anwụnta.N'ihi na larvae anwụnta na-eto eto na gburugburu mmiri na nri mkpụrụ glucosinolates na-enzymatically gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ isothiocyanates na-arụ ọrụ n'elu hydration, iji nri mkpụrụ mọstad na mmiri nke anwụnta na-enye na-enye ikike nchịkwa dị ukwuu.Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ larvicidal nke isothiocyanates dịgasị iche (BITC> AITC> 4-HBITC), a chọkwuru nyocha iji chọpụta ma ijikọta nri mkpụrụ na otutu glucosinolates synergistically na-abawanye nsị.Nke a bụ ọmụmụ izizi iji gosipụta mmetụta ụmụ ahụhụ nke nri mkpụrụ osisi cruciferous na-emebi emebi na isothiocyanates bioactive atọ na anwụnta.Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a na-agbaji ala ọhụrụ site n'igosi na nri mkpụrụ osisi kabeji agbajiri agbaji, ihe a na-amịpụta mmanụ sitere na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-ekwe nkwa larvicidal maka njikwa anwụnta.Ozi a nwere ike inye aka n'ihu nchọta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na mmepe ha dị ka ihe dị ọnụ ala, bara uru, yana biopesticides na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ihe ndekọ data ewepụtara maka ọmụmụ ihe a na nleba anya nsonaazụ dị n'aka onye odee kwekọrọ na arịrịọ ezi uche dị na ya.Na njedebe nke ọmụmụ, ihe niile ejiri mee ihe na ọmụmụ (ụmụ ahụhụ na nri mkpụrụ) mebiri emebi.
Oge nzipu: Jul-29-2024