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Ngwakọta nke ogige ụmụ ahụhụ sitere na osisi nwere ike igosipụta mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ mmegide megide pests.Nyere mgbasa nke ọrịa ngwa ngwa nke anwụnta Aedes na-ebu na mmụba na-arịwanye elu nke ndị bi na Aedes anwụnta na-emegide ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ ọdịnala, a haziri ngwakọta iri abụọ na asatọ nke ogige terpene dabere na mmanụ dị mkpa osisi na-anwale ma nwalee ya megide oke larval na okenye nke Aedes aegypti.A na-enyocha mmanụ ise dị mkpa nke osisi (EOs) na mbụ maka ịdị irè nke larvicidal na ndị okenye, a chọpụtakwara ogige abụọ dị mkpa na EO ọ bụla dabere na nsonaazụ GC-MS.A zụtara ogige ndị bụ isi a chọpụtara, ya bụ diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, carvone, limonene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, eucalyptol, eudesmol na anwụnta alpha-pinene.A na-edozi ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ nke ogige ndị a site na iji doses dị ala ma nwalere ma kpebisie ike na mmekọrịta ha na mmegide ha.A na-enweta ihe nchịkọta larvicidal kachasị mma site na ịgwakọta limonene na diallyl disulfide, a na-enwetakwa ihe ndị okenye kachasị mma site na ịgwakọta carvone na limonene.A nwalere Temphos synthetic synthetic larvicide Temphos na ọgwụ ndị okenye Malathion iche iche na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ na terpenoids.Nsonaazụ gosiri na nchikota temephos na diallyl disulfide na malathion na eudesmol bụ ngwakọta kacha dị irè.Ngwakọta ndị a nwere ike nwere ike iji megide Aedes aegypti.
Mmanụ dị mkpa osisi (EOs) bụ metabolites nke abụọ nwere ogige bioactive dị iche iche ma na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa dị ka ihe ọzọ na ọgwụ pesticides sịntetik.Ọ bụghị naanị na ha bụ ndị enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị ọrụ enyi, mana ha bụkwa ngwakọta nke ogige bioactive dị iche iche, nke na-ebelata ohere nke ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi1.N'iji teknụzụ GC-MS, ndị nchọpụta nyochara ihe mejupụtara mmanụ dị mkpa osisi dị iche iche wee chọpụta ihe karịrị ogige 3,000 sitere na osisi aromatic 17,5002, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwalere maka akụrụngwa ụmụ ahụhụ na-akọ na ha nwere mmetụta ụmụ ahụhụ3,4.Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-egosi na nsi nke ihe mejupụtara ya bụ otu ma ọ bụ karịa nke crude ethylene oxide.Mana iji ogige nke onye ọ bụla nwere ike hapụ ohere ọzọ maka mmepe nke nguzogide, dịka ọ dị na ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ kemịkalụ5,6.Ya mere, ihe a na-elekwasị anya ugbu a bụ ịkwadebe ngwakọta nke ogige ethylene oxide iji meziwanye irè ụmụ ahụhụ na ibelata ohere nke iguzogide n'etiti ndị mmadụ.Ogige ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'otu n'otu dị na EO nwere ike igosipụta mmetụta synergistic ma ọ bụ mmegide na njikọta na-egosipụta ọrụ zuru oke nke EO, eziokwu nke e mesiri nke ọma na ọmụmụ ihe ndị nchọpụta gara aga7,8 mere.Usoro njikwa vector tinyekwara EO na akụkụ ya.A mụọla ọrụ anwụnta nke mmanụ dị mkpa na anwụnta Culex na Anopheles.Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nwara imepụta ọgwụ na-egbu egbu dị irè site na ijikọta osisi dị iche iche na ọgwụ pesticides sịntetik eji ere ahịa na-abawanye nsí n'ozuzu ya na ibelata mmetụta9.Mana ọmụmụ banyere ogige ndị dị otú ahụ megide Aedes aegypti ka dị ụkọ.Ọganihu na sayensị ahụike na mmepe nke ọgwụ na ọgwụ mgbochi enyerela aka ịlụso ọrịa ụfọdụ na-ebute site na vector ọgụ.Mana ọnụnọ nke serotypes nke nje dị iche iche, nke anwụnta Aedes aegypti bufere, butere mmemme ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ọdịda.Ya mere, mgbe ọrịa ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme, mmemme nchịkwa vector bụ nanị nhọrọ iji gbochie mgbasa nke ọrịa ahụ.N'ọnọdụ dị ugbu a, njikwa Aedes aegypti dị ezigbo mkpa dị ka ọ bụ isi vector nke nje dị iche iche na serotypes ha na-akpata ọrịa dengue fever, Zika, dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, wdg. Ihe kacha dị ịrịba ama bụ eziokwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrịa Aedes na-ebute site na vector na-abawanye kwa afọ na Egypt ma na-abawanye n'ụwa niile.Ya mere, n'ọnọdụ a, ọ dị mkpa ngwa ngwa ịmepụta usoro nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ọma maka ndị Aedes aegypti.Ndị nwere ike ime na nke a bụ EO, ogige ndị mejupụtara ha, na ngwakọta ha.Ya mere, ọmụmụ a nwara ịchọpụta irè synergistic ngwakọta nke isi osisi EO ogige si ise osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ Njirimara (ie, Mint, nsọ basil, Eucalyptus hụrụ, Allium sọlfọ na melaleuca) megide Aedes aegypti.
EO niile ahọpụtara gosipụtara ọrụ larvicidal nwere ike ime megide Aedes aegypti na 24-h LC50 sitere na 0.42 ruo 163.65 ppm.Edere ọrụ larvicidal kachasị elu maka pepemint (Mp) EO nwere uru LC50 nke 0.42 ppm na 24 h, galik (As) sochiri ya na uru LC50 nke 16.19 ppm na 24 h (Table 1).
Ewezuga Ocimum Sainttum, Os EO, EO anọ ndị ọzọ nyochara gosipụtara mmetụta allercidal doro anya, yana ụkpụrụ LC50 sitere na 23.37 ruo 120.16 ppm n'ime oge ikpughe awa 24.Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO kacha dị irè n'igbu ndị okenye nwere uru LC50 nke 23.37 ppm n'ime awa 24 nke ikpughe, na-esote Eucalyptus maculata (Em) nke nwere LC50 uru nke 101.91 ppm (Table 1).N'aka nke ọzọ, ekpebibeghị uru LC50 maka Os dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ kachasị elu nke 53% ka edekọtara n'ogo kachasị elu (Ntụpọ Mgbakwunye 3).
Achọpụtara ogige abụọ bụ isi mejupụtara na EO ọ bụla dabere na nsonaazụ nchekwa data ọba akwụkwọ NIST, pasent mpaghara GC chromatogram, yana nsonaazụ MS Spectra (Table 2).Maka EO Dị ka, isi ihe ndị a chọpụtara bụ diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide;maka EO Mp ihe ndị bụ isi a chọpụtara bụ carvone na limonene, maka EO Em ihe ndị bụ isi a chọpụtara bụ eudesmol na eucalyptol;Maka EO Os, ihe ndị bụ isi a chọpụtara bụ eugenol na methyl eugenol, na maka EO Cl, ihe ndị bụ isi a chọpụtara bụ eugenol na α-pinene (Nyocha 1, Ihe Ngbakwunye 5-8, Nchịkọta 1-5).
Nsonaazụ nke uka spectrometry nke isi terpenoids nke mmanụ dị mkpa ahọpụtara (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole R-eudamol).
Ngụkọta nke ogige itoolu (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) ka achọpụtara dị ka ogige ndị dị irè bụ isi ihe nke EO ma bụrụ nke a na-eme n'otu n'otu megide Aedes aegypti na larval. ogbo..Ngwakọta eudesmol nwere ọrụ larvicidal kachasị elu yana uru LC50 nke 2.25 ppm mgbe awa 24 gachara.A chọpụtakwara na ogige diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide nwere mmetụta larvicidal nwere ike ime, yana ọnụọgụ dị ntakịrị na nso nke 10-20 ppm.A hụkwara ọrụ larvicidal na-agafeghị oke maka ogige eugenol, limonene na eucalyptol nwere ụkpụrụ LC50 nke 63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm.na 181.33 ppm mgbe awa 24 gachara, n'otu n'otu (Table 3).Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mkpa larvicidal ike nke methyl eugenol na carvone a hụrụ ọbụna na ndị kasị elu doses, ya mere, LC50 ụkpụrụ adịghị gbakọọ (Table 3).The synthetic larvicide Temephos nwere pụtara igbu egbu ịta ahụhụ nke 0.43 ppm megide Aedes aegypti n'elu 24 awa ikpughe (Table 3, Mgbakwunye Tebụl 6).
Achọpụtara ogige asaa (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene na carvone) dị ka isi ogige nke EO dị irè ma nwalere ya n'otu n'otu megide anwụnta Aedes Egypt.Dị ka nyocha nke Probit regression si kwuo, achọpụtara na Eudesmol nwere ikike kachasị elu na uru LC50 nke 1.82 ppm, Eucalyptol na-esote ya na uru LC50 nke 17.60 ppm na oge ngosi 24-hour.Ogige ise ndị fọdụrụ nwalere na-emerụ ahụ nke ukwuu nye ndị okenye nwere LC50s sitere na 140.79 ruo 737.01 ppm (Table 3).Organophosphorus malathion nke sịntetik adịghị ike karịa eudesmol ma dị elu karịa ogige isii ndị ọzọ, yana uru LC50 nke 5.44 ppm karịa oge ngosi 24-hour (Table 3, Table 6).
Ahọpụtara ogige ndu asaa nwere ike na organophosphorus tamephosate ka ha mepụta ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ nke doses LC50 ha na nha 1: 1.Ngụkọta ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ 28 ka akwadoro ma nwalee maka nrụpụta larvicidal ha megide Aedes aegypti.Achọpụtara nchikota itoolu dị ka synergistic, nchikota 14 bụ mmegide, na nchikota ise abụghị larvicidal.N'ime njikọta nke synergistic, nchikota diallyl disulfide na temofol bụ nke kachasị dị irè, na 100% ọnwụ nwụrụ mgbe awa 24 gasịrị (Table 4).N'otu aka ahụ, ngwakọta nke limonene na diallyl disulfide na eugenol na thymetphos gosipụtara ikike dị mma site n'ịnwụ anwụ anwụ nke 98.3% (Table 5).Ngwakọta 4 fọdụrụnụ, ya bụ eudesmol plus eucalyptol, eudesmol plus limonene, eucalyptol plus alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene plus temephos, gosikwara uru larvicidal dị ịrịba ama, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ na-agafe 90%.Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ a tụrụ anya dị nso 60-75%.(Isiokwu nke 4).Otú ọ dị, njikọ nke limonene na α-pinene ma ọ bụ eucalyptus gosipụtara mmeghachi omume mmegide.N'otu aka ahụ, ngwakọta nke Temephos na eugenol ma ọ bụ eucalyptus ma ọ bụ eudesmol ma ọ bụ diallyl trisulfide achọpụtala na ha nwere mmetụta mgbochi.N'otu aka ahụ, nchikota diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide na nchikota nke otu n'ime ogige ndị a na eudesmol ma ọ bụ eugenol na-emegide n'omume larvicidal ha.Akọwokwa mgbagha na nchikota eudesmol na eugenol ma ọ bụ α-pinene.
N'ime ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ 28 niile a nwalere maka ọrụ acidic okenye, njikọta 7 bụ synergistic, 6 enweghị mmetụta, na 15 bụ mmegide.Achọpụtara ngwakọta nke eudesmol na eucalyptus na limonene na carvone dị irè karịa njikọta mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ na awa 24 nke 76% na 100%, n'otu n'otu (Table 5).Ahụrụla Malathion ka ọ gosipụta mmetụta synergistic na ngwakọta niile nke ogige ma e wezụga limonene na diallyl trisulfide.N'aka nke ọzọ, a chọpụtala antagonism n'etiti diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide na nchikota nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na eucalyptus, ma ọ bụ eucalyptol, ma ọ bụ carvone, ma ọ bụ limonene.N'otu aka ahụ, njikọ nke α-pinene na eudesmol ma ọ bụ limonene, eucalyptol na carvone ma ọ bụ limonene, na limonene na eudesmol ma ọ bụ malathion gosipụtara mmetụta larvicidal na-emegide.Maka nchikota isii fọdụrụnụ, ọ nweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnwụ a tụrụ anya na nke a hụrụ (Table 5).
Dabere na mmetụta synergistic na doses dị nro, nsí ha larvicidal megide ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anwụnta Aedes aegypti ka emechara họrọ wee nwalekwuo ya.Nsonaazụ gosiri na anwụ anwụ anwụ a hụrụ na-eji ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene na diallyl disulfide-timephos bụ 100%, ebe a na-atụ anya ọnwụ anwụ bụ 76.48%, 72.16% na 63.4%, n'otu n'otu)..Ngwakọta nke limonene na eudesmol adịchaghị irè, yana 88% anwụ anwụ anwụ hụrụ n'ime oge mkpughe nke awa 24 (Table 6).Na nchịkọta, ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ anọ ahọpụtara gosikwara mmetụta larvicidal synergistic megide Aedes aegypti mgbe etinyere ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu (Table 6).
Ahọpụtara nchikota synergistic atọ maka adultocidal bioassay iji chịkwaa ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke Aedes aegypti toro eto.Iji họrọ nchikota iji nwalee na nnukwu obodo ụmụ ahụhụ, anyị buru ụzọ lekwasị anya na njikọta terpene synergistic abụọ kacha mma, ya bụ carvone gbakwunyere limonene na eucalyptol gbakwunyere eudesmol.Nke abuo, a na-ahọrọ ngwakọta synergistic kacha mma site na ngwakọta nke organophosphate malathion synthetic na terpenoids.Anyị kwenyere na ngwakọta nke malathion na eudesmol bụ ngwakọta kachasị mma maka nnwale na mpaghara ụmụ ahụhụ dị ukwuu n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu na-anwụ anwụ yana ụkpụrụ LC50 dị ala nke ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ.Malathion na-egosipụta synergism na α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus, carvone na eudesmol.Mana ọ bụrụ na anyị eleba anya na ụkpụrụ LC50, Eudesmol nwere uru kacha nta (2.25 ppm).Ụkpụrụ LC50 gbakọrọ nke malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol na carvone bụ 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 na 140.79 ppm.n'otu n'otu.Ụkpụrụ ndị a na-egosi na nchikota malathion na eudesmol bụ ngwakọta kachasị mma na usoro onunu ogwu.Nsonaazụ gosiri na nchikota nke carvone plus limonene na eudesmol gbakwunyere malathion nwere 100% hụrụ ọnwụ nwụrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere 61% ruo 65%.Ngwakọta ọzọ, eudesmol gbakwunyere eucalyptol, gosipụtara ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nke 78.66% mgbe awa 24 gachara, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke 60%.Ngwakọta atọ niile ahọpụtara gosipụtara mmetụta synergistic ọbụlagodi mgbe etinyere ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu megide okenye Aedes aegypti (Table 6).
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, ndị EO osisi ahọpụtara dị ka Mp, As, Os, Em na Cl gosipụtara mmetụta na-egbu egbu na-ekwe nkwa na larval na okenye nke Aedes aegypti.Mp EO nwere ọrụ larvicidal kachasị elu yana uru LC50 nke 0.42 ppm, sochiri As, Os na Em EO nwere uru LC50 na-erughị 50 ppm mgbe awa 24 gachara.Nsonaazụ ndị a kwekọrọ n'ihe ọmụmụ gara aga nke anwụnta na ijiji ndị ọzọ na-adaba adaba10,11,12,13,14.Ọ bụ ezie na ike larvicidal nke Cl dị ala karịa mmanụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa, yana uru LC50 nke 163.65 ppm mgbe awa 24 gasịrị, ikike okenye ya bụ nke kachasị elu na uru LC50 nke 23.37 ppm mgbe awa 24 gasịrị.Mp, As na em EO gosikwara ezigbo ihe nfụkasị ahụ na ụkpụrụ LC50 na oke 100-120 ppm na 24 h nke ikpughe, mana ha dị ntakịrị karịa arụmọrụ larvicidal ha.N'aka nke ọzọ, EO Os gosipụtara mmetụta nfụkasị ahụ na-adịghị mma ọbụna na ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ kachasị elu.Ya mere, nsonaazụ na-egosi na nsi nke ethylene oxide na osisi nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na ogbo mmepe nke anwụnta15.Ọ dabere na ọnụego ntinye nke EOs n'ime ahụ ahụhụ, mmekọrịta ha na enzymes ebumnuche akọwapụtara, yana ikike detoxification nke anwụnta na ọkwa mmepe ọ bụla16.Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọmụmụ egosila na isi ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ihe dị mkpa na ọrụ ndu nke ethylene oxide, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe ka ukwuu n'ime mkpokọta 3,12,17,18.Ya mere, anyị tụlere ogige abụọ bụ isi na EO ọ bụla.Dabere na nsonaazụ GC-MS, a chọpụtara diallyl disulfide na dialyl trisulfide dị ka ogige ndị bụ isi nke EO As, nke kwekọrọ na akụkọ gara aga19,20,21.Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ndị gara aga gosiri na menthol bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi ya, carvone na limonene ka achọpụtara ọzọ dị ka ihe ndị bụ isi nke Mp EO22,23.Ihe mejupụtara profaịlụ nke Os EO gosiri na eugenol na methyl eugenol bụ isi ogige, nke yiri nchoputa nke ndị nchọpụta mbụ16,24.Eucalyptol na eucalyptol ka akọọrọ dị ka ihe ndị bụ isi dị na mmanụ akwukwo Em, nke kwekọrọ na nchọpụta nke ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta25,26 ma megidere nchọpụta nke Olade et al.27.Ahụrụ ikike nke cineole na α-pinene na mmanụ melaleuca dị mkpa, nke yiri ọmụmụ ihe gara aga28,29.Esemokwu dị iche iche na nhazi na ntinye mmanụ dị mkpa e si n'otu ụdị osisi dị n'ebe dị iche iche ka akọpụtawo ma hụkwara ya n'ọmụmụ ihe a, nke na-emetụta ọnọdụ uto osisi, oge owuwe ihe ubi, oge mmepe, ma ọ bụ afọ ihe ọkụkụ.ọdịdị nke chemotypes, wdg.22,30,31,32.Azụtara ma nwalee ogige igodo ndị a chọpụtara maka mmetụta larvicidal ha na mmetụta ha nwere na anwụnta Aedes aegypti toro eto.Nsonaazụ gosiri na ọrụ larvicidal nke diallyl disulfide dị ka nke crude EO As.Mana ọrụ diallyl trisulfide dị elu karịa EO As.Nsonaazụ ndị a yiri nke Kimbaris et al nwetara.33 na Culex Philippines.Otú ọ dị, ogige abụọ a egosighị ezigbo ọrụ autocidal megide anwụnta ndị a na-eche, bụ nke kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ Plata-Rueda et al 34 na Tenebrio molitor.Os EO na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide oke ahịrị nke Aedes aegypti, mana ọ bụghị megide ogbo okenye.Ekwuputala na ọrụ larvicidal nke ogige ndị bụ isi dị ala karịa nke crude Os EO.Nke a na-egosi ọrụ maka ogige ndị ọzọ na mmekọrịta ha na crude ethylene oxide.Methyl eugenol naanị nwere ọrụ na-enweghị atụ, ebe eugenol naanị nwere ọrụ larvicidal na-agafeghị oke.Nkwubi okwu a kwadoro, n'otu aka, 35,36, na n'aka nke ọzọ, megidere nkwubi okwu nke ndị nchọpụta mbụ37,38.Ọdịiche dị na otu arụ ọrụ nke eugenol na methyleugenol nwere ike bute nsi dị iche iche n'otu ebumnuche ahụ ahụhụ39.Achọpụtara Limonene ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ larvicidal na-agafeghị oke, ebe mmetụta nke carvone dị ntakịrị.N'otu aka ahụ, nsi nke limonene dị obere na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na oke nsi nke carvone na-akwado nsonaazụ ụfọdụ ọmụmụ gara aga40 mana na-emegide ndị ọzọ41.Ọnụnọ nke agbụ abụọ na ọnọdụ intracyclic na exocyclic nwere ike ịbawanye uru nke ogige ndị a dị ka larvicides3,41, ebe carvone, nke bụ ketone na alfa na-adịghị mma na beta carbons, nwere ike igosi ikike dị elu maka nsị na ndị okenye42.Otú ọ dị, njirimara onye ọ bụla nke limonene na carvone dị nnọọ ala karịa ngụkọta EO Mp (Table 1, Table 3).N'ime terpenoids a nwalere, a chọpụtara na eudesmol nwere nnukwu larvicidal na ọrụ okenye nwere uru LC50 n'okpuru 2.5 ppm, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ekwe nkwa maka njikwa anwụnta Aedes.Ọrụ ya dị mma karịa nke EO Em dum, ọ bụ ezie na nke a adabaghị na nchọpụta nke Cheng et al.40.Eudesmol bụ sesquiterpene nwere nkeji isoprene abụọ nke na-adịchaghị agbanwe agbanwe karịa monoterpenes oxygenated dị ka eucalyptus ma nwee ikike dị ukwuu dị ka ọgwụ pesticide.Eucalyptol n'onwe ya nwere okenye karịa ọrụ larvicidal, yana nsonaazụ sitere na ọmụmụ mbụ ma kwado ma gbaghaa nke a37,43,44.Ọrụ naanị ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke EO Cl.Ọzọ bicyclic monoterpene, α-pinene, nwere obere mmetụta nke okenye na Aedes aegypti karịa mmetụta larvicidal, nke na-emegide mmetụta nke zuru EO Cl.A na-emetụta ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ nke terpenoids site na lipophilicity ha, volatility, carbon branching, projection area, surface area, function groups and their positions45,46.Ogige ndị a nwere ike ime ihe site n'ibibi mkpokọta cell, igbochi ọrụ iku ume, ịkwụsị nnyefe nke mkpali akwara, wdg. Utala48.A kọrọ ọrụ ndị okenye nke organophosphorus malathion sịntetik na 5.44 ppm.Ọ bụ ezie na organophosphates abụọ a egosila nzaghachi dị mma megide ụdị ụlọ nyocha nke Aedes aegypti, anwụnta na-eguzogide ogige ndị a ka akọpụtala n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa49.Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị akụkọ yiri nke ahụ maka mmepe nke iguzogide ọgwụ ahịhịa 50.Ya mere, a na-ahụta ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ihe ọzọ nwere ike ime ka ọgwụ pesticides kemịkalụ na mmemme njikwa vector.
A nwalere mmetụta nke larvicidal na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ 28 (1: 1) kwadebere site na terpenoids dị ike na terpenoids na thymetphos, na 9 njikọ achọpụtara bụ synergistic, 14 antagonistic na 5 antagonistic.Enweghị mmetụta.N'aka nke ọzọ, na bioassay nke ndị okenye, a chọpụtara na nchịkọta 7 bụ synergistic, nchịkọta 15 na-emegide, na nchịkọta 6 na-akọ na ọ dịghị mmetụta ọ bụla.Ihe kpatara na ụfọdụ ngwakọta na-emepụta mmetụta synergistic nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ na-emekọrịta ihe n'otu oge na ụzọ dị iche iche dị mkpa, ma ọ bụ na nkwụsị nke usoro enzymes isi dị iche iche nke otu ụzọ ndụ51.Nchikota nke limonene na diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus ma ọ bụ eugenol ka a hụrụ na ọ bụ synergistic na ngwa ngwa na obere ngwa (Table 6), ebe a na-ahụ nchikota ya na eucalyptus ma ọ bụ α-pinene nwere mmetụta na-emegide ya na larvae.Na nkezi, limonene na-egosi na ọ bụ ezigbo synergist, ikekwe n'ihi ọnụnọ nke otu methyl, ntinye dị mma n'ime stratum corneum, na usoro dị iche iche nke ọrụ52,53.A kọwo na mbụ na limonene nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-egbu egbu site na ịbanye n'ime cuticles ụmụ ahụhụ (ntụpọ kọntaktị), na-emetụta usoro nri nri (antifeedant), ma ọ bụ na-emetụta usoro iku ume (ọrụ fumigation), 54 ebe phenylpropanoids dị ka eugenol nwere ike imetụta metabolic enzymes 55. Ya mere, nchikota nke ogige nwere usoro dị iche iche nke ime ihe nwere ike ịbawanye mmetụta na-egbu egbu nke ngwakọta.Achọpụtara Eucalyptol ka ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus ma ọ bụ α-pinene, mana njikọ ndị ọzọ na ogige ndị ọzọ bụ ndị na-abụghị larvicidal ma ọ bụ mmegide.Nnyocha mbụ gosiri na eucalyptol nwere ọrụ mgbochi na acetylcholinesterase (AChE), yana octaamine na GABA receptors56.Ebe ọ bụ na cyclic monoterpenes, eucalyptol, eugenol, wdg nwere ike inwe otu usoro a na-eme dị ka ọrụ neurotoxic ha, 57 si otú a na-ebelata mmetụta ha jikọtara ọnụ site na mmachi.N'otu aka ahụ, nchikota nke Temephos na diallyl disulfide, α-pinene na limonene a hụrụ na ọ bụ synergistic, na-akwado akụkọ ndị gara aga nke mmetụta synergistic n'etiti ngwaahịa herbal na sịntetik organophosphates58.
Achọpụtara nchikota eudesmol na eucalyptol nwere mmetụta synergistic na larval na okenye nke Aedes aegypti, ikekwe n'ihi ụdị omume ha dị iche iche n'ihi usoro kemịkalụ ha dị iche iche.Eudesmol (a sesquiterpene) nwere ike imetụta usoro iku ume 59 na eucalyptol (a monoterpene) nwere ike imetụta acetylcholinesterase 60.Ngosipụta nke ihe ndị ahụ na saịtị abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike ịkwalite mmetụta na-egbu egbu nke mkpokọta.Na bioassays nke okenye, a chọpụtara na malathion na-emekọrịta ihe na carvone ma ọ bụ eucalyptol ma ọ bụ eucalyptol ma ọ bụ diallyl disulfide ma ọ bụ α-pinene, na-egosi na ọ bụ synergistic na mgbakwunye nke limonene na di.Ezigbo ndị na-eme ihe nfụkasị ahụ nke synergistic maka mkpokọta terpene niile, ewezuga allyl trisulfide.Thangam na Kathiresan61 kọkwara nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ nke mmetụta synergistic nke malathion na mpụta ahịhịa.Nzaghachi mmekọrịta a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta nsi jikọtara ọnụ nke malathion na phytochemicals na enzymes na-emebi ụmụ ahụhụ.Organophosphates dị ka malathion na-emekarị site na igbochi cytochrome P450 esterases na monooxygenases62,63,64.Ya mere, ijikọta malathion na usoro omume ndị a na terpenes na usoro omume dị iche iche nwere ike ịkwalite mmetụta na-egbu egbu n'ozuzu anwụnta.
N'aka nke ọzọ, antagonism na-egosi na ogige ndị ahọpụtara adịghị arụ ọrụ na nchikota karịa nke ọ bụla naanị.Ihe kpatara mmegide na ụfọdụ njikọ nwere ike ịbụ na otu ngwakọta na-agbanwe omume nke ogige nke ọzọ site n'ịgbanwe ọnụego nke absorption, nkesa, metabolism, ma ọ bụ excretion.Ndị nchọpụta mbụ lere nke a anya dị ka ihe na-akpata mmegide na ngwakọta ọgwụ.Molecules Usoro nwere ike ime 65. N'otu aka ahụ, ihe nwere ike ịkpata mmegide nwere ike jikọta ya na usoro ihe omume yiri nke ahụ, asọmpi nke ogige ndị mejupụtara maka otu onye na-anabata ya ma ọ bụ saịtị ebumnuche.N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mgbochi enweghị asọmpi nke protein ebumnuche nwekwara ike ime.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, ogige organosulfur abụọ, diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide, gosipụtara mmetụta mmegide, ikekwe n'ihi asọmpi maka otu saịtị ahụ.N'otu aka ahụ, ogige sọlfọ abụọ a gosipụtara mmetụta mmegide na enweghị mmetụta mgbe ejikọtara ya na eudesmol na α-pinene.Eudesmol na alfa-pinene bụ cyclic na okike, ebe diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide bụ aliphatic na okike.Dabere na usoro kemịkalụ, nchikota nke ogige ndị a kwesịrị ịbawanye ọrụ na-egbu egbu n'ozuzu ebe ọ bụ na saịtị ha na-echekarị na-adịkarị iche34,47, mana nnwale anyị chọtara mmegide, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọrụ nke ogige ndị a na ụfọdụ ihe ndị a na-amaghị ama na vivo.usoro n'ihi na mmekọrịta.N'otu aka ahụ, nchikota nke cineole na α-pinene mepụtara nzaghachi mmegide, ọ bụ ezie na ndị nchọpụta kwuru na mbụ na ogige abụọ ahụ nwere ebumnuche dị iche iche nke edinam47,60.Ebe ọ bụ na ogige abụọ a bụ monoterpenes cyclic, enwere ike ịnwe ụfọdụ saịtị ebumnuche ndị nwere ike ịsọ mpi maka ijikọ ma na-emetụta nsi nke mkpokọta ụzọ abụọ a mụrụ.
Dabere na ụkpụrụ LC50 na hụrụ ọnwụ, ahọpụtara njikọ terpene abụọ kacha mma, ya bụ ụzọ abụọ nke carvone + limonene na eucalyptol + eudesmol, yana organophosphorus malathion sịntetik na terpenes.A nwalere ngwakọta synergistic kacha mma nke ogige malathion + Eudesmol na bioassay okenye nke ụmụ ahụhụ.Chekwaa nnukwu mpaghara ụmụ ahụhụ iji gosi ma njikọ ndị a dị irè nwere ike imegide ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ n'ofe oghere dịtụ ukwuu.Ngwakọta ndị a niile na-egosipụta mmetụta synergistic megide nnukwu ụmụ ahụhụ.Enwetara nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ maka nchikota larvicidal synergistic kacha mma nwalere megide ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke Aedes aegypti larvae.Ya mere, enwere ike ịsị na nchịkọta synergistic larvicidal na okenye nke ogige EO bụ ihe siri ike megide chemicals sịntetik dị ugbu a ma nwee ike ijikwa ya iji chịkwaa ọnụ ọgụgụ Aedes aegypti.N'otu aka ahụ, a pụkwara iji ngwakọta dị irè nke larvicides sịntetik ma ọ bụ okenye na terpenes belata dose nke thymetphos ma ọ bụ malathion nke a na-enye anwụnta.Ngwakọta mmekọrịta ndị a siri ike nwere ike inye azịza maka ọmụmụ ihe n'ọdịnihu na mgbanwe nke nguzogide ọgwụ na anwụnta Aedes.
A na-anakọta akwa nke Aedes aegypti site na Regional Medical Research Center, Dibrugarh, Indian Council of Medical Research ma debe ya n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ (28 ± 1 ° C) na iru mmiri (85 ± 5%) na Ngalaba Zoology, Mahadum Gauhati n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a: A kọwara Arivoli et al.Mgbe ọ kpụchara, a na-enye larvae nri larval nri (bisikii nkịta nkịta na yist na nha 3: 1) na ndị okenye na-enye ihe ngwọta glucose 10%.Malite n'ụbọchị nke atọ ka ọ pụtachara, a na-ahapụ anwụnta nwanyị toro eto ka ọ ṅụọ ọbara nke oke albino.Tinye akwụkwọ nzacha n'ime mmiri n'ime iko ma tinye ya n'ime oghere nke akwa akwa.
Ihe atụ osisi ahọpụtara bụ akwụkwọ eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), basil dị nsọ (Lamiaceae), Mint (Lamiaceae), melaleuca (Myrtaceae) na bulbs allium (Amaryllidaceae).Anakọtara site na Guwahati wee mata ya site na Ngalaba Botany, Mahadum Gauhati.A na-edobe ihe atụ osisi ndị a chịkọtara (500 g) na hydrodistillation site na iji ngwa Clevenger maka awa 6.A na-anakọta EO nke ewepụtara na vial iko dị ọcha ma chekwaa ya na 4 Celsius maka ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ.
A mụrụ toxicity nke Larvicidal site na iji usoro nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa gbanwetụrụ ntakịrị 67.Jiri DMSO dị ka emulsifier.A nwalere ntinye uche EO ọ bụla na 100 na 1000 ppm, na-ekpughe 20 larvae na nke ọ bụla.Dabere na nsonaazụ ya, a na-etinye usoro ntinye uche na ndekọ ọnwụ site na 1 hour ruo 6 awa (na oge elekere 1), na awa 24, awa 48 na awa 72 mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị.Achọpụtara nleba anya nke sublethal (LC50) ka awa 24, 48 na 72 nke ikpughe gasịrị.A na-enyocha ntinye uche ọ bụla na ugboro atọ yana otu njikwa na-adịghị mma (mmiri naanị) na otu njikwa dị mma (mmiri DMSO).Ọ bụrụ na pupation emee na ihe karịrị 10% nke larvae nke otu njikwa na-anwụ, a na-emegharị nnwale ahụ ugboro ugboro.Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na otu njikwa dị n'etiti 5-10%, jiri usoro mgbazi Abbott 68.
Usoro nke Ramar et al.A na-eji 69 mee ihe maka bioassay okenye megide Aedes aegypti na-eji acetone dị ka ihe mgbaze.A nwalere EO ọ bụla na mbụ megide anwụnta Aedes aegypti toro eto na mkpokọta 100 na 1000 ppm.Tinye 2 ml nke ngwọta ọ bụla akwadoro na nọmba Whatman.1 mpempe akwụkwọ nzacha (nha 12 x 15 cm2) ka acetone kpochaa maka nkeji iri.A na-eji akwụkwọ nzacha ejiri naanị 2 ml acetone mee ihe dị ka njikwa.Mgbe acetone kpochapuru, a na-edobe akwụkwọ nzacha a na-edozi na mpempe akwụkwọ nchịkwa n'ime tube cylindrical (mimi 10 cm).Ebufere anwụnta iri dị ụbọchị atọ ruo ụbọchị anọ na-anaghị eri ọbara na nkeji atọ nke ntinye ọ bụla.Dabere na nsonaazụ nke ule mbụ, a nwalere ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke mmanụ ahọpụtara.Edere ọnwụ na elekere 1, awa 2, awa 3, awa 4, awa 5, awa 6, awa 24, awa 48 na awa 72 ka anwụnta tọhapụsịrị.Gbakọọ ụkpụrụ LC50 maka oge ikpughe nke awa 24, awa 48 na awa 72.Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nke nza njikwa karịrị 20%, megharịa ule niile.N'otu aka ahụ, ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na otu njikwa karịrị 5%, gbanwee rịzọlt maka ihe nlele a na-emeso site na iji usoro Abbott68.
A na-eme chromatography gas (Agilent 7890A) na mass spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) iji nyochaa ogige ndị mejupụtara mmanụ dị mkpa ahọpụtara.Ejiri GC nwere ihe nchọpụta FID na kọlụm capillary (HP5-MS).Ihe na-ebu gas bụ helium, ọnụego erute bụ 1 ml / min.Mmemme GC na-edobe Allium sativum na 10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M na Ocimum Sainttum ruo 10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 – 280, maka mint 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, maka eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, na maka uhie Maka otu puku akwa akwa ha bụ ha. 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
Achọpụtara ogige ndị bụ isi nke EO ọ bụla dabere na pasentị mpaghara agbakọrọ site na chromatogram GC na nsonaazụ spectrometry mass (tụnyere aka na nchekwa data ụkpụrụ NIST 70).
A họọrọ ogige abụọ dị mkpa na EO ọ bụla dabere na nsonaazụ GC-MS wee zụta n'aka Sigma-Aldrich na 98-99% ịdị ọcha maka bioassays ọzọ.A nwalere ogige ndị ahụ maka nrụpụta larvicidal na okenye megide Aedes aegypti dị ka akọwara n'elu.A na-enyochakarị larvicides synthetic tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) na ndị okenye ọgwụ malathion (Sigma Aldrich) iji tụnyere ịdị irè ha na ogige EO ahọpụtara, na-agbaso otu usoro ahụ.
Ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ nke ogige terpene ahọpụtara na ogige terpene gbakwunyere organophosphates azụmahịa (tilephos na malathion) kwadebere site na ịgwakọta dose LC50 nke onyinye onye ọ bụla n'ime ya na nha 1: 1.A nwalere nchikota a akwadoro na oke larval na okenye nke Aedes aegypti dị ka akọwara n'elu.A na-eme bioassay ọ bụla na ugboro atọ maka nchikota ọ bụla na ugboro atọ maka ogige ndị dị na nke ọ bụla.Edekọrọ ọnwụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ ezubere iche ka awa iri abụọ na anọ gachara.Gbakọọ ọnụego ọnwụ a tụrụ anya maka ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ site na iji usoro a.
ebe E = ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta Aedes aegypti a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-anwụ na nzaghachi na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ, ya bụ njikọ (A + B).
Akpọrọ mmetụta nke ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ ọ bụla dị ka synergistic, mmegide, ma ọ bụ enweghị mmetụta dabere na uru χ2 gbakọrọ site na usoro Pavla52 kọwara.Gbakọọ uru χ2 maka nchikota ọ bụla site na iji usoro a.
A kọwapụtara mmetụta nke nchikota dị ka synergistic mgbe ọnụ ahịa χ2 gbakọrọ dị ukwuu karịa uru tebụl maka ogo nke nnwere onwe kwekọrọ (95% oge ntụkwasị obi) ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ọnwụ nke a hụrụ ka ọ gafere ọnwụ a tụrụ anya ya.N'otu aka ahụ, ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ahịa χ2 gbakọọ maka nchikota ọ bụla gafere uru tebụl na ogo ụfọdụ nke nnwere onwe, mana ọnwụ a hụrụ dị ala karịa ọnwụ a na-atụ anya ya, a na-ewere ọgwụgwọ ahụ dị ka ihe na-emegide.Ma ọ bụrụ na nchikota ọ bụla ọnụ ahịa gbakọọ nke χ2 na-erughị ọnụ ahịa tebụl na ogo nnwere onwe kwekọrọ, a na-ewere nchikota ahụ enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla.
Ngwakọta atọ ruo anọ nwere ike ịmekọrịta (100 larvae na 50 larvicidal na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị okenye) ka ahọpụtara maka nnwale megide ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ ahụhụ.Ndị okenye) na-aga n'ihu dịka n'elu.Tinyere ngwakọta ndị ahụ, a nwalekwara ogige ndị dị na ngwakọta ahọpụtara na nha nha nha nke Aedes aegypti larvae na ndị okenye.Ngwakọta ngwakọta bụ otu akụkụ LC50 dose nke otu onye nyocha na akụkụ LC50 nke ogige ndị ọzọ mejupụtara.N'ime bioassay nke ndị okenye, a gbazere ogige ndị ahọpụtara n'ime ihe mgbaze ma tinye ya na nzacha mpempe akwụkwọ ọbọp na akpa rọba cylindrical 1300 cm3.A na-ekpochapụ acetone maka nkeji 10 wee hapụ ndị okenye.N'otu aka ahụ, na larvicidal bioassay, doses nke LC50 ndị na-achọ oghere na-agbaze na mbụ na nha nha nke DMSO wee gwakọta ya na 1 lita mmiri nke echekwara na 1300 cc plastic containers, na larvae wepụtara.
A na-eme nyocha nke puru omume nke data ọnwụ 71 edekọrọ site na iji SPSS (ụdị 16) na ngwanrọ Minitab iji gbakọọ ụkpụrụ LC50.
Oge nzipu: Jul-01-2024