Mbelata ibu nke ịba na nso nso a na Côte d'Ivoire bụ ihe kpatara ya bụ iji ụgbụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-adịte aka (LIN).Otú ọ dị, ọganihu a na-eyi egwu site n'igbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, mgbanwe omume nke ndị Anopheles gambiae, na mgbasa ịba nke fọdụrụnụ, na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa maka ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ.Ya mere, ebumnobi nke ọmụmụ a bụ iji nyochaa ịdị irè nke ijikọ LLIN na Bacillus thuringiensis (Bti) ma jiri ya tụnyere LLIN.
Emere ọmụmụ ihe ahụ site na Machị 2019 ruo Febụwarị 2020 gafee ogwe aka ọmụmụ abụọ (LLIN + Bti ogwe aka na ogwe aka LLIN) na mpaghara ahụike Korhogo na ugwu Côte d'Ivoire.N'ime otu LLIN + Bti, a na-agwọ ebe obibi Anopheles larval na Bti kwa izu abụọ ọ bụla na mgbakwunye na LLIN.A na-achịkọta anwụnta na ndị toro eto wee mata ọdịdị ọdịdị ya na ọdịdị ya site na iji usoro ọkọlọtọ.Onye otu Ann.Ekpebiri mgbagwoju Gambian site na iji teknụzụ mmeghachi omume polymerase.Ọrịa Plasmodium An.A tụlekwara ọnọdụ ịba na Gambia na ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ.
N'ozuzu, Anopheles spp.Ngwunye ukwu dị ala na LLIN + Bti otu ma e jiri ya tụnyere LLIN naanị otu 0.61 [95% CI 0.41-0.81] larvae / dive (l / dive) 3.97 [95% CI 3.56-4 .38] l / dive (RR = 6.50; 95% CI 5.81-7.29 P <0.001).N'ozuzu ọsọ ọsọ nke An.Mmetụta nke S. gambiae ata bụ 0.59 [95% CI 0.43-0.75] kwa onye / abalị na LLIN + Bti naanị otu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2.97 [95% CI 2.02-3.93] ata onye ọ bụla / abalị n'ime otu LLIN naanị (P <0.001).A na-amata Anopheles gambiae sl dị ka anwụnta Anopheles.Anopheles gambiae (ss) (95.1%; n = 293), sochiri Anopheles gambiae (4.9%; n = 15).Ndekọ ọbara mmadụ na mpaghara ọmụmụ bụ 80.5% (n = 389).EIR maka ndị otu LLIN + Bti bụ 1.36 ọrịa na-ata ahụhụ kwa afọ (ib/p/y), ebe EIR maka naanị otu LLIN bụ 47.71 ib/p/y.Ọrịa ịba na-agbada nke ọma site na 291.8‰ (n = 765) ruo 111.4‰ (n = 292) na otu LLIN + Bti (P <0.001).
Nchikota nke LLIN na Bti belatara nke ukwuu nke ịba.Nchikota nke LLIN na Bti nwere ike ịbụ usoro ntinye aka na-ekwe nkwa maka njikwa dị irè nke An.Mba Gambia enweghị ịba.
N'agbanyeghị ọganihu a na-enwe na nchịkwa ịba n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga, ibu nke ịba na-anọgide na-abụ nnukwu nsogbu na ndịda Sahara Africa [1].Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) kọrọ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na e nwere ọrịa ịba nde 249 na e mere atụmatụ na ọnwụ metụtara ịba 608,000 n'ụwa nile na 2023 [2].Mpaghara WHO n'Africa bụ 95% nke ọrịa ịba n'ụwa na 96% nke ọnwụ ịba, yana ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise kachasị emetụta [2, 3].
Ụgbụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-adịte aka (LLIN) na ịgba mmiri n'ime ụlọ (IRS) ekerewo òkè dị ukwuu n'ibelata ibu nke ịba na Africa [4].Mgbasawanye ngwa ọrụ mgbochi ịba ndị a butere mbelata 37% na ọrịa ịba yana mbelata 60% nke ọnwụ n'etiti 2000 na 2015 [5].Agbanyeghị, usoro ndị a na-ahụ kemgbe afọ 2015 akwụsịla n'ụzọ dị egwu ma ọ bụ ọbụna mee ngwa ngwa, yana ọnwụ ịba na-adị elu nke ukwuu, ọkachasị na ndịda Sahara Africa [3].Ọtụtụ nnyocha achọpụtala mpụta na mgbasa nke nguzogide n'etiti ndị isi ọrịa ịba Anopheles na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị a na-eji na ahụike ọha dịka ihe mgbochi maka ịdị irè nke LLIN na IRS n'ọdịnihu [6,7,8].Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mgbanwe nke omume ịta ahụhụ n'èzí na n'oge mbụ n'abalị na-ahụ maka nnyefe ịba fọdụrụnụ ma bụrụ nchegbu na-arịwanye elu [9, 10].Mmachi nke LLIN na IRS n'ịchịkwa vectors na-ahụ maka nnyefe fọdụrụnụ bụ oke oke nke mbọ mkpochapụ ịba ugbu a [11].Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-akọwa nnọgidesi ike nke ịba site na ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ọrụ mmadụ, nke na-enye aka na ịmepụta ebe obibi larval [12].
Njikwa isi mmalite nke Larval (LSM) bụ usoro dabere na saịtị ọmụmụ maka njikwa vector nke na-achọ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ saịtị ọmụmụ yana ọnụ ọgụgụ nke larvae anwụnta na pupae dị n'ime ha [13].Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ akwadowo LSM dị ka atụmatụ agbakwunyere maka njikwa ọrịa ịba [14, 15].N'ezie, ịdị irè nke LSM na-enye uru abụọ megide ata ụdị ọrịa ịba ma n'ime ma n'èzí [4].Na mgbakwunye, njikwa vector na LSM ndị dabere na larvicide dị ka Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) nwere ike ịgbasa oke nhọrọ nchịkwa ịba.N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, LSM arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa na njikwa ịba na-aga nke ọma na United States, Brazil, Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia na Zambia [16,17,18].Ọ bụ ezie na LSM ekerewo òkè dị mkpa n'ịchịkọta pests n'ime obodo ụfọdụ ndị kpochapụrụ ịba, LSM abanyebeghị n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime amụma na omume nchịkwa ọrịa ịba na Africa ma na-eji ya naanị na mmemme nchịkwa vector na ụfọdụ mba ndị dị na Sahara.mba [14,15,16,17,18,19].Otu ihe kpatara nke a bụ nkwenye zuru ebe niile na saịtị ọmụmụ dị ọtụtụ ma sie ike ịchọta, na-eme ka LSM dị oke ọnụ iji mejuputa [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14].Ya mere, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa tụrụ aro ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ na ihe ndị a na-achịkọta maka nchịkwa ọrịa ịba kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na LLIN na IRS [20, 21].Ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ 2012 ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa tụrụ aro ka e jikọta LSM, karịsịa ntinye aka Bti, dị ka ihe nkwado na LLIN na IRS na ụfọdụ ntọala na Sub-Saharan Africa [20].Kemgbe WHO nyere ndụmọdụ a, a na-eduzi ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na ọ ga-ekwe omume, ịdị irè na ọnụ ahịa biolarvicides na Sub-Saharan Africa, na-egosipụta ịdị irè nke LSM n'ibelata njupụta anwụnta Anopheles na nnyefe ịba na-arụ ọrụ na [22, 23].., 24].
Côte d'Ivoire so na mba iri na ise nwere ibu ịba kachasị n'ụwa [25].Ọnụnọ nke ịba na Côte d'Ivoire na-anọchi anya 3.0% nke ibu ịba zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrịa ịba sitere na 300 ruo ihe karịrị 500 maka 1000 bi [25].N'agbanyeghị ogologo oge ọkọchị site na Nọvemba ruo Mee, ịba na-agbasa n'afọ niile na mpaghara ugwu savanna nke mba ahụ [26].Mgbasa ọrịa ịba na mpaghara a na-ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-ebu asymptomatic nke Plasmodium falciparum [27].Na mpaghara a, ọrịa ịba na-ahụkarị bụ Anopheles gambiae (SL).Nchekwa mpaghara.Anopheles gambiae anwụnta bụ nke bụ Anopheles gambiae (SS), bụ nke na-eguzogide ọgwụ ahụhụ nke ukwuu ya mere na-ebute nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke nnyefe ịba fọdụrụnụ [26].Ojiji nke LLIN nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị nta na mbenata nnyefe ịba n'ihi nguzogide ụmụ ahụhụ nke vectors mpaghara ya mere ọ ka bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu nchegbu.Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ na-eji Bti ma ọ bụ LLIN egosila ịdị irè n'ibelata njupụta vector anwụnta na ugwu Côte d'Ivoire.Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị ọmụmụ ihe gara aga enyochala mmetụta nke ngwa Bti ugboro ugboro yana LLIN na mbufe ịba na ọrịa ịba na mpaghara a.Ya mere, ihe omumu a bu n'obi nyochaa mmetụta ijikọ LLIN na Bti nwere na mbufe ịba site n'iji otu LLIN + Bti atụnyere otu LLIN naanị n'ime obodo anọ dị na mpaghara ugwu Côte d'Ivoire.A na-eche na imejuputa LSM dabeere na Bti n'elu LLIN ga-agbakwunye uru site n'ibelata njupụta anwụnta ịba ma e jiri ya tụnyere naanị LLIN.Ụzọ a jikọtara ọnụ, na-ezubere iche anwụnta Anopheles akabeghị aka bu Bti na okenye Anopheles anwụnta bu LLIN, nwere ike dị oke mkpa iji belata mgbasa ọrịa ịba na mpaghara ọrịa ịba dị elu, dị ka obodo nta dị na ugwu Côte d'Ivoire.Ya mere, nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a nwere ike inye aka kpebie ma ọ ga-etinye LSM na mmemme nchịkwa ọrịa ịba mba (NMCPs) na mba ndị dị na mpaghara Sahara.
Emere ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a n'ime obodo anọ nke ngalaba Napieldougou (nke a makwaara dị ka Napier) na mpaghara ịdị ọcha nke Korhogo na ugwu Côte d'Ivoire (Fig 1).Obodo a na-amụ: Kakologo (9° 14′ 2″ N, 5° 35′ 22″ E), Kolekakha (9° 17′ 24″ N, 5° 31′ 00″ E.), Lofinekha (9° 17′ 31) ″).) 5° 36′ 24″ N) na Nambatiurkaha (9° 18′ 36″ N, 5° 31′ 22″ E).Onu ogugu nke Napierledougou na 2021 mere atụmatụ na ọ bụ ndị bi na 31,000, mpaghara ahụ nwere obodo 53 nwere ebe ahụike abụọ [28].Na mpaghara Napyeledougou, ebe ịba bụ isi ihe kpatara nleta ahụike, ụlọ ọgwụ na ọnwụ, naanị LLIN ka a na-eji chịkwaa vectors Anopheles [29].Obodo anọ niile dị n'otu ọmụmụ ihe abụọ ahụ bụ otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụike, onye nyochara ihe ndekọ ụlọ ọgwụ nke ọrịa ịba na nyocha a.
Map nke Côte d'Ivoire na-egosi ebe ọmụmụ ihe.(Map isi iyi na ngwanrọ: GADM data na ArcMap 10.6.1. LLIN net insecticidal net ogologo oge, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
Ọnụnọ nke ịba n'etiti ndị mmadụ lekwasịrị anya na Center Health Napier ruru 82.0% (ikpe 2038) (data tupu Bti).N'ime obodo anọ niile, ezinaụlọ na-eji naanị PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN, nke ndị Ivorian NMCP kesara na 2017, yana> mkpuchi> 80% [25, 26, 27, 28, 30].Obodo ndị dị na mpaghara Korhogo, nke na-eje ozi dị ka ebe nlele maka Council National Military Council nke Ivory Coast ma na-enweta ya n'afọ niile.Nke ọ bụla n'ime obodo anọ ahụ nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala 100 ezinụlọ na ihe dị ka otu ndị bi na ya, na dịka ndekọ ahụike (akwụkwọ ọrụ nke Ministry of Health nke Ivorian), a na-akọ ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba kwa afọ.Ọ bụ Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) na-ebute ịba na ya bụ Plasmodium na-ebufe mmadụ.Anopheles na Anopheles nili anwụnta na-ebunyekwa gambiae na mpaghara [28].Mgbakwụnye mpaghara An.Gambiae bụ nke bụ anwụnta Anopheles.gambiae ss nwere mmụgharị kdr dị elu (ugboro ugboro: 90.70-100%) yana oge na-agafeghị oke nke ace-1 alleles (ugboro ugboro: 55.56-95%) [29].
Nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ sitere na 1200 ruo 1400 mm na 21 ruo 35 Celsius C n'otu n'otu, na iru mmiri (RH) na-eme atụmatụ na 58%.Ebe ọmụmụ a nwere ụdị ihu igwe nke Sudan nwere oge ọkọchị nke ọnwa 6 (November ruo Eprel) yana oge mmiri nke ọnwa 6 (Mee ruo Ọktoba).Mpaghara a na-enwe mmetụta ụfọdụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, dị ka mfu ahịhịa na ogologo oge ọkọchị, nke e ji akpọ nkụ nke mmiri (ala ala ala, osikapa osikapa, ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri) nke nwere ike bụrụ ebe obibi maka anwụnta anwụnta Anopheles. .Anwụnta[26].
Emere ọmụmụ ihe a na LLIN + Bti otu, nke obodo Kakologo na Nambatiurkaha nọchiri anya ya, yana naanị otu LLIN, nke obodo Kolekaha na Lofinekaha nọchiri anya ya.N'ime oge ọmụmụ ihe a, ndị mmadụ n'ime obodo ndị a niile na-eji naanị PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN.
A na-enyocha ịdị irè nke LLIN (PermaNet 2.0) na Bti megide anwụnta Anopheles na nnyefe ịba na nyocha nke a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa (RCT) na ogwe aka ọmụmụ abụọ: LLIN + Bti Group (otu ọgwụgwọ) na LLIN naanị otu (otu nchịkwa). ).Kakologo na Nambatiourkaha nọchiri anya aka uwe LLIN + Bti, ebe e mere Kolékaha na Lofinékaha ka ọ bụrụ naanị ubu LLIN.N'ime obodo anọ niile, ndị bi na mpaghara na-eji LLIN PermaNet® 2.0 natara site na Ivory Coast NMCP na 2017. A na-eche na ọnọdụ maka iji PermaNet® 2.0 bụ otu n'ime obodo dị iche iche n'ihi na ha natara netwọk n'otu ụzọ ahụ..N'ime otu LLIN + Bti, a na-emeso ebe obibi Anopheles larval na Bti kwa izu abụọ na mgbakwunye na LLIN nke ndị mmadụ na-ejibu.A na-emeso ebe obibi Larval n'ime obodo na n'ime radius 2 km site na etiti obodo ọ bụla dịka ndụmọdụ nke Healthtù Ahụ Ike Worldwa na NMCP nke Côte d'Ivoire [31].N'ụzọ dị iche, otu LLIN naanị enwetaghị ọgwụgwọ larvicidal Bti n'oge ọmụmụ ihe.
Ụdị granular mmiri na-ekesa nke Bti (Vectobac WG, 37.4% wt; nọmba nza 88-916-PG; 3000 International Toxicity Units IU/mg; Valent BioScience Corp, USA) ka ejiri mee ihe na 0.5 mg/L..Jiri ihe sprayer azu azu 16L na egbe ịgba fiberglass nwere aka na nozulu a na-agbanwe agbanwe na ọnụego 52 ml kwa nkeji (3.1 L/min).Iji kwadebe nebulizer nwere 10 L mmiri, ọnụọgụ Bti gbazere na nkwusioru bụ 0.5 mg / L × 10 L = 5 mg.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka mpaghara nwere nhazi mmiri na-asọpụta nke 10 L, na-eji 10 L sprayer na-agwọ oke mmiri, ọnụọgụ Bti dị mkpa ka a gbazere bụ 0.5 mg / L × 20 L = 10 mg.A tụrụ 10 mg Bti n'ọhịa site na iji igwe eletrọnịkị.Iji spatula, kwadebe slurry site na ịgwakọta ego Bti a na ịwụ 10 L gụsịrị akwụkwọ.Ahọpụtara dose a ka emechara nnwale ubi nke ịdị irè nke Bti megide instars dị iche iche nke Anopheles spp.na Culex spp.na ọnọdụ eke na mpaghara dị iche iche, mana yiri mpaghara nyocha nke oge a [32].A gbakọrọ ọnụego ntinye nke nkwusioru larvicide na oge ngwa maka saịtị ọmụmụ ọ bụla dabere na oke mmiri a na-eme atụmatụ na saịtị ọmụmụ [33].Tinye Bti n'iji ihe nfesa aka emechara.A na-edozi Nebulizers ma nwalee n'oge mmega ahụ n'otu n'otu na mpaghara dị iche iche iji hụ na a na-ebuga Bti ziri ezi.
Iji chọta oge kacha mma iji gwọọ ebe a na-amụ nwa larval, ndị otu ahụ chọpụtara ịgbasa windo.Window ịgba mmiri bụ oge a na-eji ngwaahịa eme ihe iji nweta ezigbo arụmọrụ: n'ọmụmụ ihe a, windo ịgbasa sitere na awa 12 ruo izu 2, dabere na nnọgidesi ike Bti.N'ụzọ doro anya, iwelite Bti site na larvae na ebe a na-amụ nwa chọrọ oge site na 7:00 ruo 18:00.N'ụzọ dị otú a, enwere ike izere oge nnukwu mmiri ozuzo mgbe mmiri ozuzo pụtara ịkwụsị ịgbasa na ịmalitegharị n'echi ya ma ọ bụrụ na ihu igwe kwadoro.Ụbọchị ịgbasa na kpọmkwem ụbọchị na oge na-adabere na ọnọdụ ihu igwe hụrụ.Iji dozie ndị na-efesa akpa azụ maka ọnụego ngwa Bti chọrọ, a zụrụ onye ọrụ nka ọ bụla ka ọ lelee anya wee tọọ nozzle sprayer ma nọgide na-enwe nrụgide.Emechara nhazi nhazi site n'ịkwado na a na-etinye ezigbo ọgwụgwọ Bti n'otu n'otu n'otu mpaghara.Na-emeso ebe obibi larvae kwa izu abụọ.A na-eme ihe omume Larvicidal site na nkwado nke ndị ọkachamara anọ nwere ahụmahụ na nke a zụrụ nke ọma.Ndị nlekọta nwere ahụmahụ na-elekọta ihe omume larvicidal na ndị sonyere ya.Ọgwụgwọ Larvicidal malitere na Machị 2019 n'oge ọkọchị.N'ezie, nnyocha e mere n'oge gara aga gosiri na oge ọkọchị bụ oge kachasị mma maka itinye aka na larvicid n'ihi nkwụsi ike nke ebe a na-azụ anụ na mbelata nke ụbara ha [27].A na-atụ anya na ịchịkwa larvae n'oge ọkọchị ga-egbochi mmata anwụnta n'oge oge mmiri.Abụọ (02) kilogram nke Bti na-efu US $ 99.29 na-enye ohere ka otu ọmụmụ na-anata ọgwụgwọ iji kpuchie mpaghara niile.N'ime otu LLIN+Bti, ntinye aka larvicidal were otu afọ, site na Machị 2019 ruo Febụwarị 2020. Ngụkọta nke ọgwụgwọ larvicidal 22 mere na otu LLIN + Bti.
A na-enyocha mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime (dịka itching, dizziness ma ọ bụ imi na-agba agba) site na nyocha onye ọ bụla nke Bti biolarvicide nebulizers na ndị bi n'ụlọ na-esonye na otu LIN + Bti.
Emere nyocha ezinaụlọ n'etiti ezinaụlọ 400 (ezinụlọ 200 kwa otu ọmụmụ) iji tụọ pasenti ojiji LLIN n'etiti ndị mmadụ.Mgbe a na-enyocha ezinụlọ, a na-eji usoro ajụjụ ọnụ ọgụgụ.Ekewara ọtụtụ ojiji nke LLIN ụzọ atọ: afọ iri na ise.E dechara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ma kọwaara onye isi ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ okenye ọzọ karịa afọ 18 n'asụsụ Senoufo mpaghara.
A gbakọrọ opekempe nke ezinụlọ a nyochara site na iji usoro Vaughan na Morrow kọwara [34].
n bụ nha nlele, e bụ oke njehie, t bụ ihe nchekwa nchekwa sitere na ọkwa ntụkwasị obi, na p bụ oke nke nne na nna nke ndị mmadụ nwere njirimara enyere.Akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke ntakiri ahụ nwere uru na-agbanwe agbanwe, ya mere (t) = 1.96;Opekempe ezinụlọ n'ọnọdụ a na nyocha ahụ bụ ezinụlọ 384.
Tupu nnwale ugbu a, ụdị ebe obibi dị iche iche maka larvae Anopheles na otu LLIN+Bti na LLIN ka achọpụtara, atụpụtara, kọwaa, georeferenced na akara.Jiri ihe teepu tụọ nha ógbè akwụ akwụ.A na-enyocha njupụta anwụnta kwa ọnwa maka ọnwa iri na abụọ na saịtị iri atọ ahọpụtara na-enweghị usoro n'otu obodo, maka mkpokọta saịtị ọmụmụ 60 maka otu ọmụmụ.Enwere ihe nlele iri na abụọ n'otu mpaghara ọmụmụ, dabara na ọgwụgwọ 22 Bti.Ebumnuche nke ịhọpụta saịtị iri atọ a n'otu obodo bụ iji weghara ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke nke ebe anakọta ahịhịa n'ofe obodo na ngalaba ọmụmụ iji wedata ajọ mbunobi.A na-anakọta larvae site na iji ngaji 60 ml [35] were minye.N'ihi na ụfọdụ nurseries dị obere ma na-emighị emi, ọ dị mkpa iji obere ịwụ na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ WHO bọket (350 ml).Ngụkọta nke 5, 10 ma ọ bụ 20 ndakpu ka emere site na saịtị akwụ nke nwere okirikiri 10 m, n'otu n'otu.A na-eme nchọpụta ihe gbasara mmụọ nke larvae anakọtara (dịka Anopheles, Culex na Aedes) ozugbo n'ọhịa [36].E kewara larvae ndị a chịkọtara ụzọ abụọ dabere na ọkwa mmepe: mbido mmalite (nkeji 1 na 2) na larvae mbubreyo (nkeji 3 na 4) [37].A na-agụta larvae site na genera na n'oge mmepe ọ bụla.Mgbe a gụchara, a na-eweghachite larvae anwụnta n'ebe a na-amụ nwa ma tinyekwa ya n'ụda mbụ ha na mmiri isi iyi nke mmiri ozuzo gbakwunyere.
A na-ahụta ebe a na-amịpụta ihe dị mma ma ọ bụrụ na opekata mpe otu larva ma ọ bụ pupa nke ụdị anwụnta ọ bụla dị.Achọpụtara njupụta nke larval site n'ikewa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke larvae nke otu ụdị ahụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndakpu.
Ọmụmụ ihe ọ bụla were ụbọchị abụọ n'usoro, na ọnwa abụọ ọ bụla, a na-anakọta anwụnta ndị toro eto site n'ezinaụlọ iri na-ahọpụtara onwe ha n'ime obodo ọ bụla.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, ndị otu nyocha ọ bụla mere nyocha nlele nke ezinaụlọ 20 n'ime ụbọchị atọ n'usoro.Ejidere anwụnta site na iji ọnyà windo ọkọlọtọ (WT) na ọnyà spray pyrethrum (PSC) [38, 39].Na mbụ, a na-agụ ụlọ niile dị n'ime obodo ọ bụla ọnụ.A họpụtaziri ụlọ anọ dị n'ime obodo ọ bụla ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-anakọta anwụnta ndị toro eto.N'ụlọ ọ bụla a na-ahọrọ na enweghị usoro, a na-anakọta anwụnta n'isi ụlọ ihi ụra.Ime ụlọ ihie ahọpụtara nwere ibo ụzọ na windo ma nọrọ n'abalị gara aga.A na-emechi ọnụ ụlọ ihi ụra tupu ịmalite ọrụ na n'oge nchịkọta anwụnta iji gbochie anwụnta ịpụ n'ime ụlọ ahụ.Awụnyere WT na windo nke ọ bụla n'ime ime ụlọ ọ bụla dị ka ebe nlele anwụnta.N'echi ya, a na-anakọta anwụnta ndị na-abanye n'ebe ọrụ site n'ọnụ ụlọ ihi ụra n'etiti 06:00 na 08:00 ụtụtụ.Jiri ọnụ ọnụ na-anakọta anwụnta n'ebe ị na-arụ ọrụ ma chekwaa ya n'ime iko akwụkwọ a na-atụfu n'efu nke ejiri mpempe akwụkwọ kpuchie ya.Ụgbụ anwụnta.E jidere anwụnta na-ezu ike n'otu ọnụ ụlọ ozugbo nchịkọta WT na-eji PSC dabeere na pyrethroid.Mgbe ịgbasa akwụkwọ ọcha n'ala ime ụlọ, mechie ọnụ ụzọ na windo ma fesaa ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ (ihe na-arụ ọrụ: 0.25% transfluthrin + 0.20% permethrin).Ihe dị ka nkeji 10 ruo 15 mgbe ịgbasachara, wepụ ihe ndina ahụ n'ime ime ụlọ a na-edozi ahụ, jiri tweezers were buru anwụnta ọ bụla dabara na mpempe ọcha, ma chekwaa ya na efere Petri nke jupụtara na mmiri ajị anụ.Edekọkwara ọnụọgụ ndị mmadụ nọrọ n'abalị ahụ n'ime ụlọ ihie ahọpụtara.A na-ebufe anwụnta anakọtara ngwa ngwa na ụlọ nyocha dị na saịtị maka nhazi ọzọ.
N'ime ụlọ nyocha, anwụnta niile anakọtara bụ n'ụdị ọdịdị ọdịdị na ụdị [36].Anna's ovaries.gambiae SL na-eji mikroskopu dissecting binocular nke nwere mkpuru mmiri distilled etinyere na slide ugegbe [35].A tụlere ọnọdụ nha anya iji kewapụ ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche na ụmụ nwanyị nulliparous dabere na ovarian na tracheal morphology, yana iji chọpụta ọnụọgụ ọmụmụ na afọ physiological [35].
A na-ekpebi ndepụta nke ikwu site na ịnwale ebe nri ọbara anakọtara ọhụrụ si enweta.gambiae site na enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) na-eji ọbara sitere na mmadụ, anụ ụlọ (ehi, atụrụ, ewu) na ndị ọbịa ọkụkọ [40].A gbakọbara ọrịa Entomological (EIR) site na iji An.Atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị SL na Gambia [41] Ọzọkwa, An.Achọpụtara ọrịa na Plasmodium gambiae site na nyocha isi na obi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche site na iji usoro circumsporozoite antigen ELISA (CSP ELISA) [40].N'ikpeazụ, e nwere ndị òtù Ann.Achọpụtara gambiae site n'ịtụle ụkwụ ya, nku na afọ ya site na iji usoro mmeghachi omume polymerase (PCR) [34].
Enwetara data ụlọ ọgwụ gbasara ịba site na ndekọ nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ nke Napyeledugou Health Center, nke na-ekpuchi obodo anọ niile gụnyere na ọmụmụ a (ya bụ Kakologo, Kolekaha, Lofinekaha na Nambatiurkaha).Nyochaa ndekọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ndekọ sitere na Machị 2018 ruo February 2019 yana site na Machị 2019 ruo February 2020. Data Clinical sitere na Machị 2018 ruo February 2019 na-anọchite anya ntọala ma ọ bụ data ntinye aka tupu Bti, ebe data ụlọ ọgwụ sitere na Machị 2019 ruo February 2020 na-anọchite anya tupu Bti. data ntinye aka.Data mgbe ntinye aka Bti gasịrị.Achịkọtara ozi gbasara ahụike, afọ na obodo nta nke onye ọrịa ọ bụla nọ na otu ọmụmụ LLIN+Bti na LLIN na ndekọ ahụike.Maka onye ọrịa ọ bụla, a na-edekọ ozi dị ka obodo obodo, afọ, nchoputa, na pathology.N'okwu ndị a tụlere n'ọmụmụ ihe a, a kwadoro ịba site na nyocha ngwa ngwa diagnostic test (RDT) na / ma ọ bụ microscopy ịba mgbe nchịkwa nke ọgwụgwọ nkwonkwo nke artemisinin (ACT) sitere n'aka onye nlekọta ahụike.Ekewara ọrịa ịba n'ime otu afọ atọ (ya bụ afọ iri na ise).E mere atụmatụ na ọ na-enwe kwa afọ nke ịba n'ime otu narị mmadụ bi site n'ikewa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịba kwa otu narị mmadụ bi n'ime obodo.
A na-etinye data anakọtara n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a ugboro abụọ n'ime nchekwa data Microsoft Excel wee bubata na ngwanrọ mepere emepe R [42] ụdị 3.6.3 maka nyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ.A na-eji ngwugwu ggplot2 see ala.A na-eji ụdị ahịrị ahịrị chịkọta ọnụ na-eji Poisson regression atụnyere njupụta larval na pụtara ọnụọgụ anwụnta kwa onye kwa abalị n'etiti otu ọmụmụ.A na-eji nha nha dị mkpa (RR) tụnyere nha nha nha nha na ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta Culex na Anopheles.Edebere Gambia SL n'etiti otu ọmụmụ ihe abụọ na-eji otu LLIN + Bti dị ka ntọala.Ekwuputara nha mmetụta dị ka oke adịghị ike yana oge ntụkwasị obi 95% (95% CI).A na-eji oke (RR) nke ule Poisson tụnyere nha na ọnụọgụ ịba tupu na mgbe ntinye aka Bti na otu ọmụmụ ọ bụla.Ọkwa dị mkpa ejiri mee ihe bụ 5%.
Usoro ọmụmụ ihe ahụ kwadoro site na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ethics Research National nke Ministry of Health and Public Health nke Côte d'Ivoire (N/Ref: 001// MSHP/CNESVS-kp), yana mpaghara ahụike mpaghara na nchịkwa. nke Korhogo.Tupu ịnakọta larvae anwụnta na ndị toro eto, enwetara nkwenye ejiri aka bịanyere aka na ya sitere n'aka ndị sonyere nyocha ezinụlọ, ndị nwe, na/ma ọ bụ ndị bi.Ezinụlọ na data ụlọ ọgwụ amaghị aha na nzuzo ma dị naanị maka ndị nyocha ahọpụtara.
Ngụkọta nke saịtị akwụ 1198 ka a gara.N'ime saịtị akwụ ndị a nyochara na mpaghara ọmụmụ, 52.5% (n = 629) bụ ndị otu LLIN + Bti na 47.5% (n = 569) na otu LLIN naanị (RR = 1.10 [95% CI 0 .98-1.24). ], P = 0.088).N'ozuzu, a na-ekewa ebe obibi larval mpaghara n'ime ụdị iri na abụọ, n'ime nke kachasị nke ebe obibi larval bụ ubi osikapa (24.5%, n=294), na-esote mmiri ozuzo (21.0%, n = 252) na ite (8.3).%. Mbipụta mkpuchi mkpuchi (4.8%, n = 58), swamps (4.0%, n = 48), pitchers (5.2%, n = 62), ọdọ mmiri (1.9% , n = 23) na olulu mmiri (0.9%, n = 11) .) .
N'ozuzu, a na-anakọta mkpokọta 47,274 anwụnta site na mpaghara ọmụmụ, na oke nke 14.4% (n = 6,796) na LLIN + Bti otu ma e jiri ya tụnyere 85.6% (n = 40,478) na otu LLIN naanị (RR = 5.96) [95% CI 5.80-6.11], P ≤ 0.001).Larvae ndị a nwere mkpụrụ ndụ anwụnta atọ, ụdị kachasị bụ Anopheles.(48.7%, n = 23,041), sochiri Culex spp.(35.0%, n = 16,562) na Aedes spp.(4.9%, n = 2340).Pupae nwere 11.3% nke ijiji akabeghị aka (n = 5344).
Ngụkọta njupụta nke Anopheles spp.larvae.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke larvae kwa scoop bụ 0.61 [95% CI 0.41-0.81] L / dip na LLIN + Bti otu na 3.97 [95% CI 3.56-4.38] L / dive na otu LLIN naanị (nhọrọ).faịlụ 1: foto S1).Nkezi njupụta nke Anopheles spp.Otu LLIN naanị dị 6.5 ugboro karịa otu LLIN + Bti (HR = 6.49; 95% CI 5.80–7.27; P <0.001).Ọ dịghị anwụnta Anopheles ahụrụ n'oge ọgwụgwọ.A na-anakọta larvae n'ime otu LLIN + Bti malite na Jenụwarị, dabara na ọgwụgwọ Bti nke iri abụọ.N'ime otu LLIN + Bti, enwere mbelata nke ukwuu n'isi mmalite na n'ọgwụgwụ njupụta larval.
Tupu mmalite nke ọgwụgwọ Bti (March), a na-eme atụmatụ njupụta nke anwụnta mbụ Anopheles bụ 1.28 [95% CI 0.22-2.35] L / dive na LLIN + Bti otu na 1.37 [95% CI 0.36-2.36]. l/mikpu n'ime otu LLIN + Bti.l/nkpu./minye naanị ogwe aka LLIN (Fig 2A).Mgbe etinyere ọgwụgwọ Bti, njupụta nke anwụnta mbụ Anopheles na LLIN + Bti n'ozuzu ji nwayọọ nwayọọ belata site na 0.90 [95% CI 0.19-1.61] ruo 0.10 [95% CI - 0.03-0.18] l / dip.Ngụkọ nwa oge mbụ Anopheles ka dị obere na otu LLIN + Bti.N'ime otu LLIN naanị, mgbanwe na ụba nke Anopheles spp.Ahụrụ larvae mmalite nke mbụ na njupụta nke sitere na 0.23 [95% CI 0.07-0.54] L / dive na 2.37 [95% CI 1.77-2.98] L / dive.N'ozuzu, njupụta nke mbụ Anopheles larvae na LLIN-naanị otu bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na 1.90 [95% CI 1.70-2.10] L / dive, ebe njupụta nke mbụ Anopheles larvae na otu LLIN bụ 0.38 [95% CI 0.28]. -0.47]) l/nkpu.+ Bti otu (RR = 5.04; 95% CI 4.36-5.85; P <0.001).
Mgbanwe na nkezi njupụta nke Anopheles larvae.N'oge (A) na mbubreyo instar (B) ụgbụ anwụnta n'ime otu ọmụmụ site na Machị 2019 ruo Febụwarị 2020 na mpaghara Napier, ugwu Côte d'Ivoire.LLIN: ụgbụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-adịte aka Bti: Bacillus thuringiensis, Israel TRT: ọgwụgwọ;
Nkezi njupụta nke Anopheles spp.larvae.Oge ngwụcha na otu LLIN + Bti.Njupụta Bti tupu ọgwụgwọ bụ 2.98 [95% CI 0.26-5.60] L / dip, ebe njupụta dị na LLIN-naanị otu bụ 1.46 [95% CI 0.26-2.65] l / ụbọchị Mgbe ngwa Bti gasịrị, njupụta nke mbubreyo- instar Anopheles larvae na LLIN + Bti otu gbadara site na 0.22 [95% CI 0.04-0.40] ruo 0.03 [95% CI 0.00-0.06] L / dip (Fig. 2B).N'ime otu LLIN-naanị, njupụta nke Larvae Anopheles mbubreyo mụbara site na 0.35 [95% CI - 0.15-0.76] ruo 2.77 [95% CI 1.13-4.40] l / dive na ụfọdụ ọdịiche na njupụta larval dabere na ụbọchị nlele.Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke larvae Anopheles n'oge ikpeazụ na LLIN-naanị otu bụ 2.07 [95% CI 1.84-2.29] L / dive, ugboro itoolu dị elu karịa 0.23 [95% CI 0.11-0.36] l/mikpu n'ime LLIN.+ Bti otu (RR = 8.80; 95% CI 7.40-10.57; P <0.001).
Nkezi njupụta nke Culex spp.Uru bụ 0.33 [95% CI 0.21-0.45] L / dip na LLIN + Bti otu na 2.67 [95% CI 2.23-3.10] L / dip na LLIN naanị otu (faịlụ mgbakwunye 2: Figure S2).Nkezi njupụta nke Culex spp.Otu LLIN naanị dị elu karịa otu LLIN + Bti (HR = 8.00; 95% CI 6.90-9.34; P <0.001).
Nkezi njupụta nke genus Culex Culex spp.Tupu ọgwụgwọ, Bti l / dip bụ 1.26 [95% CI 0.10-2.42] l / dip na LLIN + Bti otu na 1.28 [95% CI 0.37-2.36] na naanị otu LLIN (Fig 3A).Mgbe etinyere ọgwụgwọ Bti, njupụta nke mbụ Culex larvae belatara site na 0.07 [95% CI - 0.001-0.] ruo 0.25 [95% CI 0.006-0.51] L / dip.Enweghị Culex larvae anakọtara site na ebe obibi larval mesoro Bti malite na Disemba.Njupụta nke mbụ Culex larvae belatara na 0.21 [95% CI 0.14-0.28] L / dip na LLIN + Bti otu, ma dị elu na LLIN naanị otu na 1.30 [95% CI 1.10- 1.50] l / immersion.dobe/d.Njupụta nke mbụ Culex larvae na LLIN nanị bụ 6 ugboro karịa na LLIN + Bti otu (RR = 6.17; 95% CI 5.11-7.52; P <0.001).
Mgbanwe na nkezi njupụta nke Culex spp.larvae.Nnwale ndụ nwata (A) na nwata (B) n'ime otu ọmụmụ site na Machị 2019 ruo Febụwarị 2020 na mpaghara Napier, ugwu Côte d'Ivoire.net LLIN ụmụ ahụhụ na-adịte aka, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, ọgwụgwọ Trt
Tupu ọgwụgwọ Bti, njupụta nke mbubreyo Culex larvae na LLIN + Bti na otu LLIN bụ 0.97 [95% CI 0.09-1.85] na 1.60 [95% CI - 0.16-3.37] l / imikpu ya (Fig. 3B)).Mpụtara njupụta nke ụdị Culex na-emecha emecha ka mmalite ọgwụgwọ Bti gasịrị.Njupụta dị na otu LLIN + Bti ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbada ma dị ala karịa nke naanị n'otu LLIN, bụ nke dị elu.Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ntanye Culex nke mbubreyo bụ 0.12 [95% CI 0.07-0.15] L / dive na LLIN + Bti group na 1.36 [95% CI 1.11-1.61] L / dive na otu naanị LLIN.Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke larvae Culex n'oge gara aga dị elu nke ukwuu na LLIN-naanị otu karịa na LLIN + Bti otu (RR = 11.19; 95% CI 8.83-14.43; P <0.001).
Tupu ọgwụgwọ Bti, njupụta nke pupae kwa ladybug bụ 0.59 [95% CI 0.24-0.94] na LLIN + Bti otu na 0.38 [95% CI 0.13-0.63] na LLIN naanị (Fig 4).Njupụta pupal n'ozuzu bụ 0.10 [95% CI 0.06-0.14] na LLIN + Bti otu na 0.84 [95% CI 0.75-0.92] na otu LLIN naanị.Ọgwụgwọ Bti belatara nke ukwuu njupụta pupal na otu LLIN + Bti ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu LLIN naanị (OR = 8.30; 95% CI 6.37-11.02; P <0.001).N'ime otu LLIN + Bti, ọnweghị pupae anakọtara ka ọnwa Nọvemba gachara.
Mgbanwe na nkezi njupụta nke pupae.Emere ọmụmụ ihe ahụ site na Machị 2019 ruo February 2020 na mpaghara Napier na ugwu Côte d'Ivoire.net LLIN ụmụ ahụhụ na-adịte aka, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, ọgwụgwọ Trt
Ngụkọta nke 3456 ndị okenye anwụnta ka anakọtara site na mpaghara ọmụmụ.Anwụnta bụ nke 17 ụdị 5 genera (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Eretmapodites) (Table 1).Na ọrịa ịba An.gambiae sl bụ ụdị kacha nwee oke nwere oke nke 74.9% (n = 2587), sochiri An.gambia sl.funestus (2.5%, n = 86) na ihe efu (0.7%, n = 24).Akụ na ụba Anna.gambiae sl n'ime otu LLIN + Bti (10.9%, n = 375) dị ala karịa na otu LLIN naanị (64%, n = 2212).Enweghị udo.Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ka ejiri naanị LLIN chịkọta.Agbanyeghị, An.gambiae na An.funestus nọ na ma otu LLIN + Bti na otu LLIN naanị.
N'ime ọmụmụ ndị na-amalite tupu ngwa Bti na saịtị ọmụmụ (ọnwa 3), ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnụọgụ nke anwụnta nke abalị maka onye ọ bụla (b / p / n) na LLIN + Bti bụ 0.83 [95% CI 0.50-1.17]. , ebe na LLIN + Bti otu ọ bụ 0.72 na LLIN nanị otu [95% CI 0.41-1.02] (Fig. 5).N'ime otu LLIN + Bti, mmebi anwụnta Culex belatara ma nọgide na-adị ala n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke 1.95 [95% CI 1.35-2.54] bpp na Septemba mgbe ngwa 12th Bti gasịrị.Otú ọ dị, n'ime otu LLIN-naanị, ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta pụtara jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye tupu ọ na-arị elu na September na 11.33 [95% CI 7.15-15.50] bp / n.Ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke nke ntanye anwụnta dị ntakịrị na LLIN + Bti otu ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu LLIN naanị n'oge ọ bụla n'oge ọmụmụ (HR = 3.66; 95% CI 3.01-4.49; P <0.001).
Ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ anwụnta anwụnta na mpaghara ọmụmụ nke mpaghara Napier dị na ugwu Côte d'Ivoire site na Machị 2019 ruo Febụwarị 2020 LLIN ụgbụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-adịgide adịgide, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, ọgwụgwọ Trt, ata b/p / abalị / mmadụ / abalị
Anopheles gambiae bụ ọrịa ịba na-ahụkarị na mpaghara ọmụmụ.Ọsọ ọsọ nke An.Na mmalite, ụmụ nwanyị Gambia nwere b / p / n ụkpụrụ nke 0.64 [95% CI 0.27-1.00] na LLIN + Bti otu na 0.74 [95% CI 0.30-1.17] na otu naanị LLIN (Fig 6) .N'ime oge ntinye aka nke Bti, a na-ahụ ọrụ kachasị elu na September, nke kwekọrọ na usoro iri na abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ Bti, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke 1.46 [95% CI 0.87-2.05] b / p / n na LLIN + Bti otu na a ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu nke 9 .65 [95% CI 0.87–2.05] w/n 5.23–14.07] naanị otu LLIN.N'ozuzu ọsọ ọsọ nke An.Ọnụọgụ ọrịa na Gambia dị obere na LLIN + Bti otu (0.59 [95% CI 0.43-0.75] b/p / n) karịa na LLIN naanị otu (2.97 [95% CI 2, 02-3.93] b /p/ọ dịghị).(RR = 3.66; 95% CI 3.01-4.49; P <0.001).
Ọsọ ọnụ Anna.gambiae sl, ngalaba nyocha na mpaghara Napier, ugwu Cote d'Ivoire, site na Machị 2019 ruo Febụwarị 2020 LLIN agwọ ọrịa ahụhụ na-adịte aka, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, ọgwụgwọ Trt, ata b/p/abalị/ mmadụ/abalị.
Mkpokọta 646 amps.A na-agbaji Gambia.N'ozuzu, pasent nke nchekwa obodo.Ọnụego nha anya na Gambia n'ozuzu>70% n'oge ọmụmụ ihe niile, ewezuga Julaị, mgbe naanị otu LLIN na-eji (faịlụ mgbakwunye 3: eserese S3).Agbanyeghị, nkezi ọnụego ọmụmụ na mpaghara ọmụmụ bụ 74.5% (n = 481).N'ime otu LLIN+Bti, ọnụ ọgụgụ ngụkọ ka nọ n'ọkwa dị elu, karịa 80%, ewezuga Septemba, mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ nha anya dara na 77.5%.Agbanyeghị, a hụrụ mgbanwe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ n'ime otu LLIN naanị, ebe atụmatụ kacha dị ala bụ 64.5%.
Site na 389 Ann.Nnyocha nke akụkụ ọbara nke onye ọ bụla sitere na Gambia chọpụtara na 80.5% (n = 313) sitere na mmadụ, 6.2% (n = 24) nke ụmụ nwanyị riri ọbara agwakọta (mmadụ na ụlọ) na 5.1% (n = 20) riri ọbara. .nri sitere na anụ ụlọ (ehi, atụrụ na ewu) na 8.2% (n = 32) nke ihe nlele nyochara adịghị mma maka nri ọbara.N'ime otu LLIN + Bti, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-anata ọbara mmadụ bụ 25.7% (n = 100) ma e jiri ya tụnyere 54.8% (n = 213) na otu LLIN naanị (Ngbakwunye faịlụ 5: Tebụl S5).
Mkpokọta 308 amps.A nwalere P. gambiae iji chọpụta ndị otu ụdị mgbagwoju anya na ọrịa P. falciparum (faịlụ mgbakwunye 4: Table S4).Abụọ "ụdị metụtara" na-ebikọ ọnụ na mpaghara ọmụmụ, ya bụ An.gambiae ss (95.1%, n = 293) na An.coluzsii (4.9%, n = 15).Anopheles gambiae ss dị ntakịrị na LLIN + Bti otu karịa na LLIN naanị otu (66.2%, n = 204) (RR = 2.29 [95% CI 1.78-2.97], P <0.001).A chọtara otu akụkụ nke anwụnta Anopheles na LLIN + Bti (3.6%, n = 11) na otu LLIN naanị (1.3%, n = 4) (RR = 2.75 [95% CI 0.81-11 .84], P = .118).Mgbawa nke ọrịa Plasmodium falciparum n'etiti An.SL na Gambia bụ 11.4% (n = 35).Plasmodium falciparum na-ebute ọrịa.Ọnụọgụ ọrịa na Gambia dị ntakịrị na LLIN + Bti otu (2.9%, n = 9) karịa na LLIN naanị otu (8.4%, n = 26) (RR = 2.89 [95% CI 1. 31-7.01) ], P = 0.006).).Tụnyere anwụnta Anopheles, anwụnta Anopheles gambiae nwere oke ọrịa Plasmodium kacha elu na 94.3% (n=32).coluzzii naanị 5.7% (n = 5) (RR = 6.4 [95% CI 2.47-21.04], P <0.001).
Ngụkọta nke mmadụ 2,435 sitere na ezinụlọ 400 ka a nyochara.Nkezi njupụta bụ mmadụ 6.1 kwa ezinụlọ.Ọnụego nke nwe LLIN n'etiti ezinụlọ bụ 85% (n = 340), ma e jiri ya tụnyere 15% (n = 60) maka ezinụlọ na-enweghị LLIN (RR = 5.67 [95% CI 4.29-7.59], P <0.001) ( Faịlụ mgbakwunye 5 : Isiokwu S5)..Iji LLIN bụ 40.7% (n = 990) na LLIN + Bti otu ma e jiri ya tụnyere 36.2% (n = 882) na otu LLIN naanị (RR = 1.12 [95% CI 1.02-1.23], P = 0.013).Onu ogugu ojiji net n'ozuzu n'ebe omumu ihe bu 38.4% (n = 1842).Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka ndị na-erubeghị afọ ise na-eji ịntanetị eme ihe yiri nke ahụ n'òtù ọmụmụ abụọ ahụ, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ojiji netwọk dị 41.2% (n = 195) na LLIN + Bti na 43.2% (n = 186) na otu naanị LLIN.(HR = 1.05 [95% CI 0.85-1.29], P = 0.682).N'ime ụmụaka ndị dị afọ 5 ruo 15, ọ dịghị ihe dị iche na ọnụọgụ netwọk dị n'etiti 36.3% (n = 250) na otu LLIN + Bti na 36.9% (n = 250) na otu LLIN naanị (RR = 1. 02 95% CI 1.02-1.23], P = 0.894).Agbanyeghị, ndị gafere afọ 15 jiri ụgbụ akwa 42.7% (n = 554) obere oge na otu LLIN + Bti karịa 33.4% (n = 439) na otu LLIN naanị (RR = 1.26 [95% CI 1.11-1.43) ], P <0.001).
Ngụkọta nke ụlọ ọgwụ 2,484 ka edere na Napier Health Center n'etiti March 2018 na February 2020. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịba ụlọ ọgwụ n'ozuzu mmadụ bụ 82.0% nke ikpe niile nke ọrịa ahụike (n = 2038).Ọnụọgụ ọrịa ịba na mpaghara kwa afọ na mpaghara ọmụmụ a bụ 479.8‰ na 297.5‰ tupu na mgbe ọgwụgwọ Bti gasịrị (Table 2).
Oge nzipu: Jul-01-2024