Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a bụ ịnye data na yaọgwụ ahụhụnguzogide maka ime mkpebi na mmemme njikwa nguzogide na Togo.
A tụlere ọnọdụ ike nke Anopheles gambiae (SL) maka ụmụ ahụhụ eji eme ahụike ọha site na iji usoro nyocha in vitro WHO. A na-eme bioassays maka nguzogide pyrethroid dịka usoro nyocha CDC siri dị. A nwalere ihe omume enzyme na-emebi emebi site na iji synergists piperonyl butoxide, SSS-phosphorothioate, na ethacrine. Nchọpụta ụdịdị-kpọmkwem na genotyping nke mmụgharị kdr na Anopheles gambiae SL site na iji teknụzụ PCR.
Ndị bi na Anopheles gambiae sl gosipụtara ike ha zuru oke na pirimiphos-methyl na Lomé, Kowie, Aniye na Kpeletutu. Ọnwụ anwụ bụ 90% na Bayda, na-egosi iguzogide pirimiphos-methyl. Edekọrọ nguzogide DDT, benzodicarb na propoxur na saịtị niile. Edekọbara ọkwa dị elu nke iguzogide pyrethroids, yana oxidases, esterases na glutathione-s-transferases bụ enzymes na-emebi emebi na-ahụ maka nguzogide, dịka ule synergistic si dị. Ụdị kachasị achọpụtara bụ Anopheles gambiae (ss) na Anopheles cruzi. Achọpụtara ugboro dị elu nke kdr L1014F yana obere ugboro nke kdr L1014S alleles na saịtị niile.
Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi mkpa ọ dị maka ngwa ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmemme nchịkwa ịba dabere na ụmụ ahụhụ dị ugbu a (IRS na LLIN).
Ojiji nke ụmụ ahụhụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mmemme nchịkwa ọrịa ịba na Africa [1]. Otú ọ dị, mpụta nke iguzogide isi klas nke ụmụ ahụhụ ndị a na-eji na ọgwụgwọ bednet na n'ime ụlọ residual spraying (IRS) chọrọ ka anyị tụlee iji ngwaahịa ndị a na njikwa nke vector resistance [2]. A kọwo mpụta nguzogide ọgwụ na mba dị iche iche na West Africa gụnyere Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali [3, 4, 5] na karịsịa Togo [6, 7]. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosila na iji synergists na ngwakọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe nke ọrịa ịba na mpaghara nwere nnukwu nguzogide pyrethroids [8, 9]. Iji jikwaa nkwado nke atụmatụ njikwa, a ga-atụle ntinye n'usoro nke njikwa nguzogide n'ime amụma njikwa vector ọ bụla [2]. Obodo ọ bụla kwesịrị ịkwado mmejuputa mmemme njikwa nguzogide site na nchọpụta nguzogide [10]. Dị ka World Health Organisation (WHO) na-atụ aro [10], njikwa nguzogide gụnyere mmejuputa usoro ụzọ atọ gụnyere (1) ntule nke ọnọdụ nhụsianya ụmụ ahụhụ nke vectors, (2) njirimara nke nguzogide siri ike, na (3) nyocha nke usoro physiological, na-eleba anya na ịdị irè nke synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Na Togo, nzọụkwụ mbụ, a na-eme nleba anya ọnọdụ ike nke nje na-akpata ọrịa ịba, kwa afọ 2-3 ọ bụla na saịtị sentinel nke National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). Ike nguzogide na nrụpụta nke nzọụkwụ abụọ ikpeazụ (ya bụ, ndị nwere ike piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S, S-tributyl trisulfate phosphate (DEF), na ethacrynic acid (EA)) amụbeghị nke ọma.
Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a bụ iji lebara akụkụ atọ a anya ma nye NMCP data a pụrụ ịdabere na ya iji mee mkpebi na njikwa nguzogide na Togo.
Emere ọmụmụ ihe a site na June ruo Septemba 2021 na saịtị sentinel NMCP ahọpụtara na mpaghara ahụike atọ dị na ndịda Togo (Figure 1). A họpụtara saịtị nleba anya NMCP ise maka nleba anya dabere na mpaghara ha (mpaghara ịdị ọcha dị iche iche) na njirimara gburugburu ebe obibi (ọtụtụ vectors, saịtị ọmụmụ nwa na-adịgide adịgide): Lomé, Bayda, Kowie, Anyère na Kpeletoutou (Table 1).
Ọmụmụ a na-egosi na ndị bi n'ime obodo Anopheles gambiae anwụnta na ndịda Togo na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ ahụhụ ahụike ọha na eze, ewezuga pirimiphos-methyl. A hụrụ ọkwa dị elu nke nguzogide pyrethroid na saịtị ọmụmụ, ikekwe jikọtara ya na enzymes detoxifying (oxidases, esterases na glutathione-s-transferases). Achọpụtara mmụgharị kdr L1014F n'ụdị nwanne nwanyị abụọ Anopheles gambiae ss na Anopheles kruzi nwere mgbanwe dị elu ma dị elu (> 0.50), ebe mmụgharị kdr L1014S mere n'ogo dị obere ma chọta ya naanị na anwụnta Anopheles cruzi. Ndị synergists PBO na EA weghachiri eweghachi ike nke pyrethroids na organochlorine, n'otu n'otu, na saịtị niile, ebe DEF mụbara ohere nke caramates na organophosphates na saịtị niile ma e wezụga Anye. Data ndị a nwere ike inyere mmemme nchịkwa ịba mba Togo aka ịzụlite atụmatụ njikwa vector dị irè karị.
Oge nzipu: Dec-23-2024