Ojiji a na-eji ọgwụ pesticide sịntetịt eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebutela ọtụtụ nsogbu, gụnyere mpụta nke ihe ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ, mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na imerụ ahụ ike mmadụ.Ya mere, microbial ọhụrụọgwụ njenke dị mma maka ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa ngwa ngwa.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, rhamnolipid biosurfactant mepụtara site na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 iji nyochaa nsi na anwụnta (Culex quinquefasciatus) na termite (Odontotermes obesus) larvae.Nsonaazụ gosiri na enwere ọnụọgụ ọnwụ dabere na dose n'etiti ọgwụgwọ.Achọpụtara uru LC50 (50% na-egbu egbu) na awa 48 maka oge anwụ na anwụnta biosurfactants site na iji usoro dabara adaba na-enweghị isi.Nsonaazụ gosiri na 48-hour LC50 ụkpụrụ (95% ntụkwasị obi etiti oge) nke larvicidal na antitermite ọrụ nke biosurfactant bụ 26.49 mg / L (nso 25.40 ka 27.57) na 33.43 mg / L (nso 31.09 ka 35.68)Dika nyocha nke histopathological si kwuo, ọgwụgwọ na biosurfactants kpatara nnukwu mmebi nke anụ ahụ organelle nke larvae na terites.Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a na-egosi na microbial biosurfactant nke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 mepụtara bụ ngwá ọrụ magburu onwe ya na nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma maka njikwa Cx.quinquefasciatus na O. obesus.
Mba ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ na-enweta ọtụtụ ọrịa anwụnta na-ebute1.Mkpa ọrịa ndị anwụnta na-ebute bụ ebe niile.Ihe karịrị mmadụ 400,000 na-anwụ n'ihi ịba kwa afọ, ụfọdụ obodo ukwu na-enwekwa ntiwapụ nke ọrịa siri ike dị ka dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya na Zika.2 Ọrịa vector na-ebute ọrịa na otu n'ime ọrịa isii n'ụwa nile, na anwụnta na-ebutekarị ọrịa. ikpe dị mkpa3,4.Culex, Anopheles na Aedes bụ mkpụrụ ndụ anwụnta atọ a na-ejikọkarị na mbufe ọrịa5.Ọgbasa ahụ ọkụ dengue, ọrịa anwụnta Aedes aegypti na-ebute, amụbaala n'ime afọ iri gara aga ma na-ebute nnukwu ihe egwu ahụike ọha4,7,8.Dị ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) si kwuo, ihe karịrị 40% nke ndị bi n'ụwa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa dengue, na 50-100 nde ọrịa ọhụrụ na-eme kwa afọ na ihe karịrị 100 mba9,10,11.Ahụ ọkụ dengue abụrụla nnukwu nsogbu ahụike ọha dịka ọnụọgụ ya abawanyela n'ụwa niile12,13,14.Anopheles gambiae, nke a na-akpọkarị anwụnta Anopheles nke Afrịka, bụ ihe kacha mkpa na-ebute ịba mmadụ na mpaghara okpomọkụ na ebe okpomọkụ15.Ọrịa West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, na nje virus nke ịnyịnya na nnụnụ na-ebute site na anwụnta Culex, nke a na-akpọkarị anwụnta ụlọ.Na mgbakwunye, ha bụkwa ndị na-ebu ọrịa nje na nje nje16.Enwere ihe karịrị ụdị ahụhụ 3,000 n'ụwa, ha anọwokwa kemgbe ihe karịrị nde afọ 15017.Ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebi n'ime ala na-eri nri na osisi na ngwaahịa osisi nwere cellulose.Odontotermes obesus nke India bụ ihe dị mkpa na-emebi ihe ọkụkụ na osisi ndị dị mkpa18.N'ebe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, mkpọnwụ anwụ n'oge dị iche iche nwere ike imebi ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche, ụdị osisi na ihe eji arụ ụlọ dị ukwuu.Ogwu nwekwara ike ịkpata nsogbu ahụike mmadụ19.
Okwu nke iguzogide microorganisms na pests n'ugbo ọgwụ na ugbo nke oge a siri ike20,21.Ya mere, ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ kwesịrị ịchọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọhụrụ na-efu ọnụ na biopesticides dị mma.Ọgwụ pesticide sịntetik dị ugbu a ma egosila na ọ na-efe efe ma na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru na-abụghị ebumnuche22.N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nchọpụta banyere biosurfactants amụbawo n'ihi ngwa ha na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche.Biosurfactants bara ezigbo uru ma dị mkpa n'ọrụ ugbo, nhazi ala, mmịpụta mmanụ ala, nje bacteria na iwepụ ụmụ ahụhụ, na nhazi nri23,24.Biosurfactants ma ọ bụ microbial surfactants bụ kemịkalụ biosurfactant nke microorganisms dị ka nje bacteria, yiasts na fungi na-emepụta n'ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ebe mmanụ nwere mmetọ25,26.Surfactants sitere na kemịkal na biosurfactants bụ ụdị abụọ a na-enweta ozugbo site na gburugburu ebe obibi27.A na-enweta biosurfactant dị iche iche site na ebe obibi mmiri28,29.Ya mere, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọ nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ maka mmepụta nke biosurfactants dabeere na eke bacteria30,31.Ọganihu n'ime nchọpụta dị otú ahụ na-egosi mkpa nke ogige ndị a dị ndụ maka nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi32.Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium na mkpụrụ ndụ nje ndị a bụ ndị nnọchiteanya a mụrụ nke ọma23,33.
Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị biosurfactants nwere ọtụtụ ngwa34.Uru dị ịrịba ama nke ogige ndị a bụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ọrụ antibacterial, larvicidal na ụmụ ahụhụ.Nke a pụtara na enwere ike iji ha na ọrụ ugbo, kemịkalụ, ọgwụ na ịchọ mma35,36,37,38.N'ihi na biosurfactants na-abụkarị ihe na-emebi emebi ma na-aba uru na gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-eji ha na mmemme nlekọta pesti agbakwunyere iji chebe ihe ọkụkụ39.Ya mere, enwetara ihe ọmụma bụ isi banyere ọrụ larvicidal na antitermite nke microbial biosurfactants nke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 mepụtara.Anyị nyochara onwu na mgbanwe akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ekpughere nleba anya dị iche iche nke rhamnolipid biosurfactants.Na mgbakwunye, anyị tụlere mmemme kọmputa Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe iji chọpụta oke nsi maka microalgae, daphnia, na azụ.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, a nwalere ọrụ antitermite (toxicity) nke biosurfactants dị ọcha na ọkwa dị iche iche sitere na 30 ruo 50 mg / ml (na oge 5 mg / ml) ka a nwalere megide ọnụnụ India, O. obesus na ụdị anọ ) Nyochaa.Larvae nke instar Cx.Larvae nke anwụnta quinquefasciatus.Biosurfactant LC50 nwere ihe karịrị awa 48 megide O. obesus na Cx.C. solanacearum.Achọpụtara larvae anwụnta site na iji usoro dabara adaba na-enweghị isi.Nsonaazụ gosiri na ọnwụ anwụ na-abawanye site na ịba ụba biosurfactant.Nsonaazụ gosiri na biosurfactant nwere ọrụ larvicidal (Nyocha 1) na ọrụ mgbochi oge (Nyocha 2), na 48-hour LC50 values (95% CI) nke 26.49 mg / L (25.40 ka 27.57) na 33.43 mg / l (Fig 31.09 ruo 35.68), n'otu n'otu (Table 1).N'ihe gbasara oke nsi (awa 48), a na-ekewa biosurfactant dị ka "na-emerụ ahụ" n'ime ihe ndị a nwalere.Ihe biosurfactant emepụtara n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a gosipụtara ezigbo ọrụ larvicidal yana 100% anwụ anwụ n'ime awa 24-48 nke ikpughe.
Gbakọọ uru LC50 maka ọrụ larvicidal.Ihe dabara adaba nkwụghachi azụ azụ (akara siri ike) yana oge ntụkwasị obi 95% (mpaghara ndo) maka ọnwụ ikwu (%).
Gbakọọ uru LC50 maka ọrụ mgbochi oge.Ihe dabara adaba nkwụghachi azụ azụ (akara siri ike) yana oge ntụkwasị obi 95% (mpaghara ndo) maka ọnwụ ikwu (%).
Na njedebe nke nnwale, a hụrụ mgbanwe morphological na anomalies n'okpuru microscope.A na-ahụ mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ụbụrụ na njikwa na ndị otu na-agwọ ọrịa na 40x magnification.Dịka e gosiri na eserese 3, nrụrụ uto mere n'ọtụtụ larvae ejiri ihe biosurfactants na-emeso ya.Ọgụgụ 3a na-egosi Cx nkịtị.quinquefasciatus, Onyonyo 3b na-egosi Cx na-adịghị mma.Na-ebute nematode larvae ise.
Mmetụta nke sublethal (LC50) doses nke biosurfactants na mmepe nke Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.Onyonyo microscopy ọkụ (a) nke Cx nkịtị na mmụba 40 ×.quinquefasciatus (b) Cx na-adịghị mma.Na-ebute nematode larvae ise.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a, nyocha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke larvae a na-emeso ya (Fig 4) na ọdụ (Fig 5) gosipụtara ọtụtụ ihe na-adịghị mma, gụnyere mbelata na mpaghara abdominal na mmebi nke uru ahụ, akwa epithelial na akpụkpọ anụ.midgut.Histology kpughere usoro ọrụ inhibitory nke biosurfactant ejiri mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe a.
Histopathology nke larvae 4th instar Cx anaghị agwọ ya.quinquefasciatus larvae (njikwa: (a,b)) ma mesoo ya na biosurfactant (ọgwụgwọ: (c,d)).Àkú na-egosi epithelium eriri afọ a gwọworo (epi), nuclei (n), na uru ahụ (mu).Ogwe = 50µm.
Histopathology of normal untreated O. obesus (nchịkwa: (a,b)) na biosurfactant emeso (ọgwụgwọ: (c,d)).Àkú na-egosi epithelium eriri afọ (epi) na uru ahụ (mu), n'otu n'otu.Ogwe = 50µm.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, a na-eji ECOSAR buru amụma nnukwu nsi nke ngwaahịa biosurfactant rhamnolipid nye ndị na-emepụta isi (green algae), ndị na-eri nri (fleas mmiri) na ndị na-azụ ahịa nke abụọ (azụ).Mmemme a na-eji usoro nhazi ọnụọgụ ọkaibe-arụmọrụ iji nyochaa nsi na-adabere n'ụdị molekụla.Ihe nlereanya a na-eji akụrụngwa-arụ ọrụ (SAR) iji gbakọọ nsi nke ihe na-adị ogologo oge na ụdị mmiri.Kpọmkwem, Tebụl 2 na-achịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche na-egbu egbu (LC50) yana pụtara mkpokọta dị irè (EC50) maka ọtụtụ ụdị.Edebere nsi nke a na-enyo enyo n'ime ọkwa anọ site na iji usoro nhazi ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ na akara nke kemịkalụ (Table 3).
Njikwa ọrịa ndị na-ebute vector, ọkachasị ụdị anwụnta na anwụnta Aedes.Ndị Ijipt, ọrụ siri ike ugbu a 40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ọgwụ pesticide ndị a na-enweta na kemịkal, dị ka pyrethroids na organophosphates, baratụ uru, ha na-etinye nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ahụ ike mmadụ, gụnyere ọrịa shuga, nsogbu ịmụ nwa, ọrịa akwara ozi, ọrịa kansa, na ọrịa iku ume.Ọzọkwa, ka oge na-aga, ụmụ ahụhụ ndị a nwere ike iguzogide ha13,43,48.Ya mere, usoro njikwa ndu nke dị irè ma dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi ga-abụ usoro a ma ama nke njikwa anwụnta49,50.Benelli51 tụrụ aro na n'oge na-achịkwa ihe mgbochi anwụnta ga-aka nke ọma n'obodo mepere emepe, mana ha akwadoghị iji larvicides n'ime ime obodo52.Tom et al.
Mmepụta biosurfactant site na eriri nwere ike (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) gosipụtara arụmọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe yana na-ekwe nkwa.Ọmụmụ ihe anyị gara aga kọrọ na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 na-ebuli mmepụta biosurfactant site na iji paramita physicochemical26.Dị ka ọmụmụ ha si kwuo, ọnọdụ kachasị mma maka mmepụta biosurfactant site na ike E. cloacae iche bụ incubation maka awa 36, mkpasu iwe na 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 Celsius C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% glucose dị ka carbon isi iyi, 1% yist. .A na-eji mpụta ahụ mee ihe dị ka isi iyi nitrogen iji nweta 2.61 g/L biosurfactant.Na mgbakwunye, ejiri TLC, FTIR na MALDI-TOF-MS mara biosurfactants.Nke a gosipụtara na rhamnolipid bụ biosurfactant.Glycolipid biosurfactants bụ klaasị kacha mụọ nke ụdị biosurfactants ndị ọzọ55.Ha nwere akụkụ nke carbohydrate na lipid, tumadi agbụ nke fatty acid.N'ime glycolipids, ndị nnọchianya bụ isi bụ rhamnolipid na sophorolipid56.Rhamnolipids nwere akụkụ abụọ rhamnose jikọtara na mono- ma ọ bụ di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57.Ojiji nke rhamnolipids na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na ọgwụ na-edozi nke ọma 58, na mgbakwunye na ojiji ha na-adịbeghị anya dị ka ọgwụ pesticides 59.
Mmekọrịta nke biosurfactant na mpaghara hydrophobic nke siphon iku ume na-enye ohere ka mmiri gafere site na oghere stomatal ya, si otú ahụ na-amụba kọntaktị nke larvae na gburugburu mmiri.Ọnụnọ nke biosurfactants na-emetụtakwa trachea, ogologo ya dị nso n'elu, nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe maka larvae na-arịgo n'elu ma na-eku ume.N'ihi ya, erughị ala nke mmiri na-ebelata.Ebe ọ bụ na larvae enweghị ike itinye aka n'elu mmiri, ha na-adaba na ala nke tank ahụ, na-akpaghasị nrụgide hydrostatic, na-akpata oke ike mmefu na ọnwụ site na mmiri iri38,60.Enwetara nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ site na Ghribi61, ebe biosurfactant nke Bacillus subtilis mepụtara gosipụtara ọrụ larvicidal megide Ephestia kuehniella.N'otu aka ahụ, ọrụ larvicidal nke Cx.Das na Mukherjee23 tụlekwara mmetụta cyclic lipopeptides na quinquefasciatus larvae.
Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a metụtara ọrụ larvicidal nke rhamnolipid biosurfactants megide Cx.Igbu anwụnta quinquefasciatus dabara na nsonaazụ ebipụtara na mbụ.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji biosurfactin dabere na surfactin nke nje bacteria dị iche iche nke genus Bacillus mepụtara.na Pseudomonas spp.Ụfọdụ akụkọ mbụ 64,65,66 kọrọ na ọrụ igbu egbu egbu nke lipopeptide biosurfactants sitere na Bacillus subtilis23.Deepali et al.63 chọpụtara na rhamnolipid biosurfactant dịpụrụ adịpụ na Stenotropomonas maltophilia nwere ọrụ larvicidal dị ike na ntinye nke 10 mg / L.Silva et al.67 kọrọ ọrụ larvicidal nke rhamnolipid biosurfactant megide Ae na mkpokọta 1 g / L.Aedes aegypti.Kanakdande et al.68 kwuru na biosurfactants lipopeptide nke Bacillus subtilis mepụtara kpatara ọnwụ n'ozuzu ya na Culex larvae na terites nwere akụkụ lipophilic nke Eucalyptus.N'otu aka ahụ, Masendra et al.69 kọrọ na ndanda na-arụ ọrụ (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) Ọnwụ nke 61.7% na lipophilic n-hexane na EtOAc akụkụ nke E. crude wepụ.
Parthipan et al 70 kọrọ na ojiji ụmụ ahụhụ nke lipopeptide biosurfactants nke Bacillus subtilis A1 na Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 mepụtara megide Anopheles Stephensi, onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa ịba Plasmodium.Ha chọpụtara na larvae na pupae na-adị ndụ ogologo oge, na-enwe oge nhụsianya dị mkpụmkpụ, na-adịghị ahụkebe, na ndụ dị mkpụmkpụ ma e jiri nlezianya dị iche iche nke biosurfactants gwọọ ya.The hụrụ LC50 ụkpụrụ nke B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 bụ 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 na 7.99 mg/L maka dị iche iche larval steeti (ie larvae I, II, III, IV na ogbo pupae) n'otu n'otu.N'iji ya tụnyere, biosurfactants maka ọkwa I-IV na pupal nke Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 bụ 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 na 6.99 mg/L, n'otu n'otu.A na-eche na phenology na-egbu oge nke larvae na pupae na-adị ndụ bụ nsonaazụ nke nnukwu nsogbu physiological na metabolic kpatara ọgwụgwọ ụmụ ahụhụ71.
Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain CCMA 0358 na-emepụta biosurfactant nwere ọrụ 100% larvicidal megide anwụnta Aedes.etiti oge elekere 24 egypti 38 dị elu karịa ka Silva et al kọrọ.Achọpụtara biosurfactant nke sitere na Pseudomonas aeruginosa na-eji mmanụ sunflower dị ka ikuku carbon na-egbu 100% nke larvae n'ime awa 48 67.Abinaya et al.72 na Pradhan et al.73 gosikwara mmetụta larvicidal ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ nke surfactants nke ọtụtụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke genus Bacillus na-emepụta.Nnyocha e bipụtara na mbụ nke Senthil-Nathan et al.chọpụtara na 100% nke larvae anwụnta ekpughere na ọdọ mmiri osisi nwere ike ịnwụ.74.
Ịtụle mmetụta dị nta nke ụmụ ahụhụ na bayoloji ụmụ ahụhụ dị oke mkpa maka mmemme njikwa pest agbakwunyere n'ihi na obere doses/nchịkọta ọnụ anaghị egbu ụmụ ahụhụ kama ọ nwere ike ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ ahụhụ n'ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu site na imebi àgwà ndu10.Siqueira et al 75 hụrụ ọrụ larvicidal zuru oke (100% ọnwụ) nke rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg / ml) mgbe a nwalere ya na ntinye dị iche iche sitere na 50 ruo 300 mg / ml.Larval ogbo nke ụdị Aedes aegypti.Ha nyochara mmetụta nke oge na-anwụ anwụ na itinye uche dị nro na ndụ larval na ọrụ igwu mmiri.Na mgbakwunye, ha hụrụ mbelata nke ọsọ igwu mmiri mgbe awa 24-48 nke ikpughe na mkpokọta biosurfactant dị ala (dịka ọmụmaatụ, 50 mg/mL na 100 mg/mL).A na-eche na nsị ndị nwere ọrụ dị egwu na-ekwe nkwa ka ọ dị irè karị n'imebi ọtụtụ ahụhụ na pests76.
Nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nsonaazụ anyị na-egosi na biosurfactants nke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 na-emepụta na-agbanwe nke ọma na anụ ahụ anwụnta (Cx. quinquefasciatus) na termite (O. obesus) larvae.Ihe kpatara nsogbu ndị yiri ya bụ nkwadebe nke mmanụ basil na An.gambiaes.s na An.Arabica ka Ochola77 kọwara.Kamaraj et al.78 kọwakwara otu ihe na-adịghị mma nke morphological na An.E kpughepụrụ larvae Stephanie n'ihe nanoparticles ọla edo.Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 kọkwara na obere akpa mmanụ dị mkpa nke onye ọzụzụ atụrụ mebiri nnukwu ụlọ na akwa epithelial nke Aedes albopictus.Aedes aegypti.Raghavendran et al kọrọ na a na-eji 500 mg/ml mycelial wepụ nke fungus Penicillium dị n'ógbè ahụ na-agwọ larvae anwụnta.Ae na-egosi mmebi nke histological siri ike.aegypti na Cx.Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ 80. Na mbụ, Abinaya et al.A mụrụ larvae nke anọ nke An.Stephensi na Ae.aegypti chọtara ọtụtụ mgbanwe akụkọ ihe mere eme na Aedes aegypti ejiri B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides mesoo ya, gụnyere gastric cecum, atrophy muscle, mmebi na nhazi nke eriri akwara ganglia72.Dị ka Raghavendran et al., Mgbe ọgwụgwọ na P. daleae mycelial wepụ, mkpụrụ ndụ midgut nke anwụnta a nwalere (4th instar larvae) gosipụtara ọzịza nke lumen intestinal, mbelata ọdịnaya intercellular, na mbibi nuklia81.A hụrụ otu mgbanwe akụkọ ihe mere eme na larvae anwụnta na-eji akwụkwọ echinacea amịpụta, na-egosi ikike ụmụ ahụhụ nke ogige a na-agwọ50.
Iji ngwa ECOSAR enwetala nkwado mba ụwa82.Nnyocha e mere ugbu a na-egosi na oke nsi nke ECOSAR biosurfactants na microalgae (C. vulgaris), azụ na mmiri fleas (D. magna) dabara n'ụdị "nsi" nke United Nations kọwara83.Ụdị ecotoxicity nke ECOSAR na-eji SAR na QSAR buru amụma nnukwu nsi nke ihe dị ogologo na ogologo oge ma a na-ejikarị amụ nsi nke ihe ndị na-emetọ organic82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ niile ejiri na ọmụmụ ihe a zụtara n'aka HiMedia Laboratories, India.
Emere mmepụta biosurfactant na flask 500 ml Erlenmeyer nwere 200 ml nke Bushnell Haas na-adịghị mma agbakwunyere na mmanụ crude 1% dịka naanị isi iyi carbon.A na-etinye preculture nke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) ma mebe ya na ihe na-eme mkpọtụ na 37°C, 200 rpm maka ụbọchị asaa.Mgbe oge mmebe ahụ gasịrị, a na-ewepụta biosurfactant site n'ịmepụta usoro omenala na 3400 × g maka 20 min na 4 Celsius C ma jiri ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe maka nyocha.Usoro njikarịcha na njirimara nke biosurfactants sitere na ọmụmụ anyị mbụ26.
A nwetara Culex quinquefasciatus larvae site na Center for Advanced Study in Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India).A na-azụta larvae n'ime akpa rọba jupụtara na mmiri deionized na 27 ± 2 ° C na oge foto nke 12:12 (ìhè: ọchịchịrị).A na-enye larvae anwụnta nri 10% glucose ngwọta.
Ahụrụla Culex quinquefasciatus larvae n'ime tankị septic mepere emepe yana enweghị nchekwa.Jiri ụkpụrụ nhazi ọkwa ọkọlọtọ iji chọpụta na larvae omenala n'ime ụlọ nyocha85.A na-eme nyocha nke Larvicidal dịka ndụmọdụ nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa 86 si kwuo.SH.A na-anakọta larvae nke anọ nke quinquefasciatus na tubes mechiri emechi na otu 25 ml na 50 ml nwere oghere ikuku nke ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ikike ha.A na-agbakwunye Biosurfactant (0-50 mg / ml) na tube nke ọ bụla n'otu n'otu ma chekwaa ya na 25 Celsius.A na-eji tube na-achịkwa naanị mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ (50 ml).A na-ewere larvae nwụrụ anwụ dị ka ndị na-egosighi ihe ịrịba ama nke igwu mmiri n'oge oge ntinye (awa 12-48) 87 .Jiri nha nha gbakọọ pasentị nke anwụ anwụ.(1)88.
Ezinụlọ Odontotermidae na-agụnye okwu India Odontotermes obesus, nke a chọtara n'osisi na-ere ure na Campus Agricultural (Mahadum Annamalai, India).Nyochaa biosurfactant a (0-50 mg / ml) site na iji usoro nkịtị iji chọpụta ma ọ na-emerụ ahụ.Mgbe ihichachara na ikuku laminar maka 30 min, a na-ekpuchi mpempe akwụkwọ Whatman ọ bụla na biosurfactant na ntinye nke 30, 40, ma ọ bụ 50 mg / ml.A na-anwale mpempe akwụkwọ ndị a na-ekpuchi mbụ na nke na-enweghị mkpuchi ma jiri ya tụnyere n'etiti efere Petri.Nri petri ọ bụla nwere ihe dị ka termites na-arụ ọrụ iri atọ O. obesus.Enyere njikwa na ule ule akwụkwọ mmiri dị ka isi iyi nri.A na-edobe efere niile na okpomọkụ n'ime ụlọ n'ime oge ntinye.Termites nwụrụ mgbe awa 12, 24, 36 na 48 gachara 89,90.E jirizie nhata 1 tụọ pasentị ndị nwụrụ anwụ na mkpokọta biosurfactant dị iche iche.(2).
A na-edobe ihe nlele ahụ na ice ma tinye ya na microtubes nwere 100 ml nke 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) ma ziga ya na Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) nke Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA).Laboratory Histology, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai.District, Tamil Nadu, India maka nyocha ọzọ.A na-edozi ihe nlele ozugbo na 4% paraformaldehyde na 37 Celsius maka awa 48.
Mgbe usoro nhazi ahụ gasịrị, a na-asacha ihe ahụ ugboro atọ na 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), na-agbaze na ethanol ma tinye ya na resin LEICA maka ụbọchị 7.Mgbe ahụ, a na-etinye ihe ahụ n'ụdị plastik jupụtara na resin na polymerizer, wee tinye ya na oven dị ọkụ ruo 37 Celsius ruo mgbe ihe mgbochi nwere ihe ahụ na-emecha kpamkpam.
Mgbe polymerization gasịrị, a na-egbutu ihe mgbochi ahụ site na iji microtome LEICA RM2235 (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) na ọkpụrụkpụ nke 3 mm.A na-achịkọta akụkụ ndị ahụ na slide, nwere ngalaba isii n'otu slide.Akpọrọ ihe mmịfe ahụ n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ, wee kpochaa ya na hematoxylin maka 7 min ma jiri mmiri na-agba ọsọ saa ya maka 4 min.Na mgbakwunye, tinye ngwọta eosin na akpụkpọ ahụ maka nkeji 5 ma kpochaa mmiri na-agba ọsọ maka nkeji ise.
E buru amụma na nsi dị oke njọ site n'iji ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri sitere na ọkwa okpomọkụ dị iche iche: azụ 96 awa LC50, 48-hour D. magna LC50, na 96-hour green algae EC50.A tụlere nsi nke rhamnolipid biosurfactants na azụ na algae ndụ ndụ site na iji ngwa ECOSAR 2.2 maka Windows nke US Environmental Protection Agency mepụtara.(Ọ dị na ntanetị na https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
A na-eme ule niile maka ọrụ larvicidal na antitermite na ugboro atọ.Emere nkwụghachi azụ na-adịghị adị (log nke mgbanwe nzaghachi dose dose) nke data ịnwụ anwụ na anwụ iji gbakọọ mkpokọta na-egbu egbu (LC50) na oge ntụkwasị obi 95%, na usoro nzaghachi ntinye uche sitere na iji Prism® (ụdị 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Ọmụmụ ihe dị ugbu a na-ekpughe ikike nke microbial biosurfactants nke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 na-emepụta dị ka anwụnta larvicidal na antitermite, na ọrụ a ga-enye aka n'ịghọta nke ọma nke usoro nke larvicidal na antitermite edinam.Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke larvae na-emeso ya na biosurfactants gosipụtara mmebi nke tract digestive, midgut, cerebral cortex na hyperplasia nke cell epithelial intestinal.Results: Nyocha toxicological nke antitermite na larvicidal ọrụ nke rhamnolipid biosurfactant nke Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 mepụtara gosiri na nke a dịpụrụ adịpụ bụ ihe nwere ike ime biopesticide maka ịchịkwa ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa anwụnta (Cx quinquefasciatus) na oge (O. obesus).Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta ihe nsi gburugburu ebe obibi nke biosurfactants na mmetụta ha nwere ike ime na gburugburu ebe obibi.Ọmụmụ ihe a na-enye ntọala sayensị maka ịlele ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke biosurfactants.
Oge nzipu: Eprel-09-2024