Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), nke a maara dị ka kala-azar na mpaghara India, bụ ọrịa nje nke Leishmania protozoan flagellated kpatara nke nwere ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọọghị ya ozugbo. Sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes bụ naanị ihe na-egosi na VL dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, ebe a na-achịkwa ya site na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi n'ime ụlọ (IRS), ọgwụ nje sịntetik. Ojiji nke DDT na mmemme njikwa VL emeela ka mmepe nke iguzogide na sandflies, yabụ ejirila alpha-cypermethrin dochie DDT. Agbanyeghị, alpha-cypermethrin na-arụ ọrụ yiri nke DDT, yabụ ihe egwu nke iguzogide na sandflies na-abawanye n'okpuru nrụgide nke ikpughe ugboro ugboro na ọgwụ ahụhụ a. N'ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị tụlere mmetụta nke anwụnta ọhịa na ụmụ F1 ha site na iji bioassay karama CDC.
Anyị chịkọtara anwụnta site n'obodo iri dị na mpaghara Muzaffarpur nke Bihar, India. Obodo asatọ nọgidere na-eji ọgwụ ike dị elucypermethrinMaka ịgba ọgwụ n'ime ụlọ, otu obodo kwụsịrị iji cypermethrin dị ike maka ịgba ọgwụ n'ime ụlọ, otu obodo anaghịkwa eji cypermethrin dị ike maka ịgba ọgwụ n'ime ụlọ. A na-ekpughe anwụnta ndị a chịkọtara na ọgwụ a kapịrị ọnụ maka oge akọwapụtara (3 μg/ml maka nkeji iri anọ), a dekọkwara ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọnwụ ha awa iri abụọ na anọ ka e kpughechara ha.
Ọnụọgụgụ ọnwụ anwụnta ọhịa sitere na 91.19% ruo 99.47%, nke ọgbọ F1 ha sitere na 91.70% ruo 98.89%. Awa iri abụọ na anọ ka e kpughechara ya, ọnwụ anwụnta ọhịa sitere na 89.34% ruo 98.93%, nke ọgbọ F1 ha sitere na 90.16% ruo 98.33%.
Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a na-egosi na iguzogide nwere ike ịmalite na P. argentipes, nke na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ịnọgide na-enyocha ma na-amụ anya iji nọgide na-achịkwa ozugbo e mechara kpochapụ ya.
Ọrịa leishmaniasis nke Visceral (VL), nke a maara dị ka kala-azar na mpaghara India, bụ ọrịa nje nke Leishmania protozoan nke nwere flagellate na-akpata ma na-ebute site na ata nke ijiji ájá nwanyị nwere ọrịa (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Ijiji ájá bụ naanị nje VL a kwadoro na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. India dị nso iru ebumnuche nke iwepụ VL. Agbanyeghị, iji nọgide na-enwe obere ọnụọgụ ọrịa mgbe ekpochasịrị ya, ọ dị mkpa ibelata ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-efe efe iji gbochie mbufe nwere ike.
A na-eme njikwa anwụnta na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị e ji aka mee n'ime ụlọ (IRS) site na iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe. Omume izu ike nke silverlegs na nzuzo na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka njikwa ahụhụ site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị e ji aka mee n'ime ụlọ [1]. Ịgba dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) n'ime ụlọ n'okpuru Mmemme Nchịkwa Ọrịa Malaria nke Mba na India enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịchịkwa ọnụọgụ anwụnta ma belata nke ukwuu ikpe VL [2]. Njikwa a na-emeghị atụmatụ nke VL kpaliri Mmemme Ikpochapu VL nke India ịnakwere ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị e ji aka mee n'ime ụlọ dị ka ụzọ bụ isi nke njikwa silverlegs. Na 2005, gọọmentị India, Bangladesh, na Nepal bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nghọta na ebumnuche nke iwepụ VL site na 2015 [3]. Mgbalị iwepụ, gụnyere njikọta nke njikwa vektọ na nchọpụta ngwa ngwa na ọgwụgwọ nke ikpe mmadụ, bu n'uche ịbanye na usoro njikọta site na 2015, ebumnuche emechara gbanwee na 2017 wee gaa na 2020.[4] Ụzọ ọhụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji kpochapụ ọrịa okpomọkụ a na-eleghara anya gụnyere iwepụ VL site na 2030.[5]
Ka India na-abanye n'oge mgbe e kpochapụrụ ya, ọ dị mkpa ijide n'aka na iguzogide beta-cypermethrin adịghị etolite. Ihe kpatara iguzogide ya bụ na DDT na cypermethrin nwere otu usoro ọrụ, ya bụ, ha na-elekwasị anya na protein VGSC[21]. Ya mere, ihe egwu nke mmepe iguzogide na ijiji ájá nwere ike ịbawanye site na nrụgide nke ikpughe mgbe niile na cypermethrin dị ike. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa inyocha ma chọpụta ọnụọgụ ndị nwere ike iguzogide ijiji ájá a. N'ọnọdụ a, ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a bụ inyocha ọnọdụ nnabata nke ijiji ájá ọhịa site na iji usoro nchọpụta na oge ikpughe nke Chaubey et al. [20] mụrụ P. argentipes sitere na obodo dị iche iche na mpaghara Muzaffarpur nke Bihar, India, nke na-eji usoro ịgba mmiri n'ime ụlọ agwọ cypermethrin (obodo ndị na-aga n'ihu na IPS). E jiri usoro nyocha karama CDC tụnyere ọnọdụ nnabata nke ndị P. argentipes ọhịa si n'obodo nta ndị kwụsịrị iji usoro ịgba mmiri n'ime ụlọ nke cypermethrin gwọọ (obodo ndị bụbu IPS) na ndị na-ejibeghị usoro ịgba mmiri n'ime ụlọ nke cypermethrin gwọọ (obodo ndị na-abụghị IPS).
A họpụtara obodo iri maka ọmụmụ ihe a (Foto 1; Tebụl 1), nke asatọ n'ime ha nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba pyrethroids sịntetik n'ime ụlọ (hypermethrin; nke a kpọrọ obodo hypermethrin na-aga n'ihu) ma nwee ikpe VL (ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ikpe) n'ime afọ 3 gara aga. N'ime obodo abụọ fọdụrụnụ n'ọmụmụ ihe a, a họọrọ otu obodo nke na-etinyeghị ịgba beta-cypermethrin n'ime ụlọ (obodo nta na-abụghị n'ime ụlọ) dị ka obodo nchịkwa na obodo nta nke ọzọ nwere ịgba beta-cypermethrin n'ime ụlọ mgbe ụfọdụ (obodo nta na-agba mmiri n'ime ụlọ mgbe ụfọdụ/obodo nta na-agba mmiri n'ime ụlọ mbụ) dị ka obodo nchịkwa. Nhọrọ nke obodo nta ndị a dabere na njikọ aka na Ngalaba Ahụike na Ndị otu ịgba mmiri n'ime ụlọ na nkwenye nke Atụmatụ Ịgba Mmiri n'ime Ụlọ na Mpaghara Muzaffarpur.
Maapụ ala nke mpaghara Muzaffarpur nke na-egosi ebe obodo ndị a gụnyere na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ (1–10). Ebe ọmụmụ ihe dị: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, Ramdas Majhauli; 3, Madhubani; 4, Anandpur Haruni; 5, Pandey; 6, Hirapur; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Simara. E ji ngwanrọ QGIS (mbipụta 3.30.3) na Open Assessment Shapefile kwadebe maapụ ahụ.
A kwadebere karama maka nnwale ndị a na-ekpughe dịka usoro Chaubey et al. [20] na Denlinger et al. [22] si dị. N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, a kwadebere karama iko 500 mL otu ụbọchị tupu nnwale ahụ, e jikwa ọgwụ ahụhụ a tụrụ aro kpuchie mgbidi ime karama ndị ahụ (ọnụọgụ nchọpụta nke α-cypermethrin bụ 3 μg/mL) site n'itinye ihe ngwọta acetone nke ọgwụ ahụhụ (2.0 mL) n'ala, mgbidi na mkpuchi karama ndị ahụ. A kpọnwụrụ karama ọ bụla na igwe eji emegharị ihe maka nkeji 30. N'oge a, jiri nwayọ tọpụ mkpuchi ahụ ka acetone ahụ ghara ịpụ. Mgbe nkeji 30 nke nkụchara, wepụ mkpuchi ahụ ma tụgharịa karama ahụ ruo mgbe acetone niile gbapụrụ. E mesịa hapụ karama ndị ahụ ka ha kpọọ nkụ n'abalị. Maka nnwale ọ bụla e mere, e ji 2.0 mL nke acetone kpuchie otu karama, nke e ji dị ka njikwa, n'oge nnwale ndị ahụ mgbe e mechara nhicha kwesịrị ekwesị dịka usoro Denlinger et al. na Òtù Ahụike Ụwa [22, 23] si kọwaa si dị.
N'ụbọchị e ji ọgwụ ahụhụ wepụ anwụnta 30–40 (ụmụ nwanyị agụụ ji) n'ime karama ma jiri nwayọọ fesaa ha n'ime karama ọ bụla. E jiri ihe dị ka otu ọnụọgụ ijiji ahụ mee karama ọ bụla e ji ọgwụ ahụhụ kpuchie, tinyere njikwa ahụ. Mee nke a ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro ise ruo isii n'obodo ọ bụla. Mgbe nkeji iri anọ nke ikpughe ọgwụ ahụhụ ahụ gasịrị, e dekọrọ ọnụọgụ ijiji ndị dara ada. E ji ihe na-eme ka aspirator mekanikal jide ijiji niile, tinye ha n'ime akpa kaadiboodu pint nke e ji obere mesh kpuchie, ma tinye ha n'ime incubator dị iche n'okpuru otu iru mmiri na okpomọkụ ahụ na otu isi iyi nri ahụ (bọọlụ owu a mịrị na mmiri shuga 30%) dịka ebe ndị a na-agwọghị. E dekọrọ ọnwụ awa iri abụọ na anọ mgbe e kpughechara ọgwụ ahụhụ ahụ. E bepụrụ anwụnta niile ma nyochaa ha iji gosi na ha bụ ụdị anụmanụ. E mere otu usoro ahụ na ijiji ụmụ F1. E dekọrọ ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọnwụ awa iri abụọ na anọ mgbe e kpughechara ha. Ọ bụrụ na ọnwụ dị na karama njikwa ahụ dị ihe na-erughị 5%, e meghị mmezi ọnwụ na ihe ndị e megharịrị. Ọ bụrụ na ọnwụ dị na karama njikwa ahụ bụ ≥ 5% na ≤ 20%, a ga-eji usoro Abbott dozie ọnwụ dị na karama nnwale ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọnwụ dị na otu njikwa ahụ karịrị 20%, a ga-atụfu otu nnwale ahụ dum [24, 25, 26].
Ọnwụ nke anwụnta P. argentipes a nwụdere n'ọhịa. Ogwe njehie na-anọchite anya njehie ọkọlọtọ nke nkezi. Njikọta nke ahịrị uhie abụọ kwụ ọtọ na eserese ahụ (90% na 98% ọnwụ, n'otu n'otu) na-egosi windo ọnwụ nke iguzogide nwere ike ịmalite.[25]
Ọnwụ nke ụmụ F1 nke P. argentipes a nwụdere n'ọhịa. Ogwe njehie na-anọchite anya njehie ọkọlọtọ nke nkezi. Usoro ndị ahụ nke ahịrị abụọ ahụ na-acha uhie uhie (90% na 98% ọnwụ, n'otu n'otu) na-anọchite anya oke ọnwụ nke iguzogide nwere ike ịmalite[25].
A chọpụtara na anwụnta nọ n'obodo ndị na-achịkwa/na-abụghị IRS (Manifulkaha) nwere nnukwu mmetụta na ọgwụ ahụhụ. Ọnwụ nkezi (±SE) nke anwụnta ndị a hụrụ n'ọhịa awa 24 ka a kụchara ha ma kpughee ha bụ 99.47 ± 0.52% na 98.93 ± 0.65%, n'otu n'otu, ọnwụ nke ụmụ F1 bụ 98.89 ± 1.11% na 98.33 ± 1.11%, n'otu n'otu (Tebụl 2, 3).
Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a na-egosi na ijiji ájá nwere ụkwụ ọlaọcha nwere ike ibute iguzogide pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin sịntetik n'obodo nta ebe a na-eji pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin eme ihe mgbe niile. N'ụzọ dị iche, a chọpụtara na ijiji ájá nwere ụkwụ ọlaọcha a na-anakọta site na obodo ndị na-abụghị nke mmemme IRS/njikwa kpuchiri nwere nnukwu mmetụta. Ileba anya na mmetụta nke ijiji ájá ọhịa dị mkpa maka inyocha irè nke ọgwụ ahụhụ ejiri, ebe ozi a nwere ike inye aka na ijikwa iguzogide ọgwụ ahụhụ. A na-akọkarị ọkwa dị elu nke iguzogide DDT na ijiji ájá sitere na mpaghara Bihar jupụtara na ya n'ihi nrụgide nhọrọ akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere na IRS site na iji ọgwụ ahụhụ a [1].
Anyị chọpụtara na P. argentipes nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na pyrethroids, nnwale ubi na India, Bangladesh na Nepal gosiri na IRS nwere nnukwu arụmọrụ entomological mgbe ejiri ya na cypermethrin ma ọ bụ deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Roy et al. [18] kọrọ na P. argentipes enweela ike iguzogide pyrethroids na Nepal. Ọmụmụ ihe anyị mere n'ọhịa gosiri na ijiji ájá silverlegged nke a na-anakọta site n'obodo nta ndị na-abụghị IRS nwere ike ibute nnukwu nsogbu, mana ijiji ndị a na-anakọta site na obodo IRS ndị na-adịghị agafe agafe/ndị bụbu IRS na ndị na-aga n'ihu (ọnwụ sitere na 90% ruo 97% ma e wezụga ijiji ájá sitere na Anandpur-Haruni nke nwere ọnwụ 89.34% na awa 24 mgbe ekpughere ya) nwere ike iguzogide cypermethrin dị irè nke ukwuu [25]. Otu ihe nwere ike ịkpata mmepe nke nguzogide a bụ nrụgide nke ịgba ọgwụ n'ime ụlọ (IRS) na mmemme ịgba ọgwụ n'ógbè dabere na ikpe, nke bụ usoro ọkọlọtọ maka ijikwa ọrịa kala-azar na mpaghara/blọk/obodo ndị jupụtara na ọrịa (Usoro Ọrụ Ọkọlọtọ maka Nnyocha na Njikwa Ọrịa Mberede [30]. Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a na-enye ihe ngosi mbụ nke mmepe nke nrụgide nhọrọ megide cypermethrin dị irè nke ukwuu. N'ụzọ dị mwute, data nnabata akụkọ ihe mere eme maka mpaghara a, nke enwetara site na iji bioassay karama CDC, adịghị maka ntụnyere; ọmụmụ ihe niile gara aga enyochala nguzogide P. argentipes site na iji akwụkwọ WHO e tinyere ọgwụ ahụhụ. Usoro nchọpụta nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na mpempe ule WHO bụ njupụta njirimara nke ọgwụ ahụhụ akwadoro maka iji megide vectors ịba (Anopheles gambiae), na ojiji nke njupụta ndị a na sandflies edoghị anya n'ihi na sandflies na-efe efe obere oge karịa anwụnta, ma na-etinye oge karịa na kọntaktị na substrate dị na bioassay [23].
A na-eji pyrethroids sịntetik eme ihe n'ebe ndị VL dị na Nepal kemgbe 1992, na-agbanwe agbanwe site na SPs alpha-cypermethrin na lambda-cyhalothrin maka njikwa ájá [31], a na-ejikwa deltamethrin na Bangladesh kemgbe 2012 [32]. Achọpụtala iguzogide phenotypic n'ime ndị ọhịa nke ájá silverlegged n'ebe ejirila pyrethroids sịntetik mee ihe ogologo oge [18, 33, 34]. Achọpụtala mgbanwe na-abụghị nke yiri ya (L1014F) n'ime ndị ọhịa nke ájá India ma ejikọtawo ya na iguzogide DDT, na-egosi na iguzogide pyrethroid na-ebilite na ọkwa molekul, ebe ma DDT na pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) na-elekwasị anya na otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị na sistemụ akwara ụmụ ahụhụ [17, 34]. Ya mere, nyocha usoro nke nnabata cypermethrin na nlekota nke iguzogide anwụnta dị mkpa n'oge mkpochapụ na mgbe e kpochapụrụ ya.
Mmachi nwere ike ime na ọmụmụ ihe a bụ na anyị jiri nyocha bio nke CDC vial iji tụọ mmetụta, mana ntụnyere niile jiri nsonaazụ sitere na ọmụmụ ihe gara aga site na iji ngwa nyocha bio nke WHO. Nsonaazụ sitere na nyocha bio abụọ ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe yiri ya ozugbo n'ihi na nyocha bio nke CDC vial na-atụ mbelata na njedebe nke oge nchọpụta ahụ, ebe nyocha bio nke WHO kit na-atụ ọnwụ na awa 24 ma ọ bụ 72 mgbe ekpughere ya (nke ikpeazụ maka ihe ndị na-eme nwayọ nwayọ) [35]. Mmachi ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ ọnụọgụ obodo IRS na ọmụmụ ihe a ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu na-abụghị IRS na otu na-abụghị IRS/obodo IRS mbụ. Anyị enweghị ike iche na ọkwa nke mmetụta vektọ anwụnta a hụrụ n'obodo nta dị iche iche n'otu mpaghara na-anọchite anya ọkwa nke mmetụta na obodo nta na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na Bihar. Ka India na-abanye na usoro mgbe ewepụsịrị nje leukemia, ọ dị mkpa igbochi mmepe dị ukwuu nke iguzogide. A chọrọ nlekota ngwa ngwa nke iguzogide na ọnụ ọgụgụ ájá si na mpaghara, blọk na mpaghara dị iche iche. Data ewepụtara n'ọmụmụ ihe a bụ nke mbụ ma ekwesịrị ịchọpụta ya site na iji ya tụnyere ọnụọgụ njirimara nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa bipụtara [35] iji nweta echiche doro anya banyere ọnọdụ nnabata nke P. argentipes n'ebe ndị a tupu ịgbanwee mmemme njikwa vektọ iji nọgide na-enwe obere ọnụ ọgụgụ ájá ma kwado iwepụ nje leukemia.
Anwụnta P. argentipes, bụ́ ihe na-ebute nje leukosis, nwere ike ịmalite igosi ihe ịrịba ama mbụ nke iguzogide cypermethrin dị irè nke ukwuu. Nleba anya mgbe niile nke iguzogide ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ime ọhịa nke P. argentipes dị mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe mmetụta ọrịa nke mgbochi vector. Mgbanwe nke ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ụzọ dị iche iche nke ime ihe na/ma ọ bụ nyocha na ndebanye aha nke ọgwụ ahụhụ ọhụrụ dị mkpa ma a na-atụ aro ya iji jikwaa iguzogide ọgwụ ahụhụ ma kwado iwepụ nje leukosis na India.
Oge ozi: Febụwarị-17-2025