Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), nke a maara dị ka kala-azar na mpaghara mpaghara India, bụ ọrịa nje na-efe efe nke protozoan Leishmania nwere ọkọlọtọ na-akpata nke nwere ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọọghị ya ngwa ngwa. Sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes bụ naanị vector nke VL enwetara na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, ebe a na-achịkwa ya site na spraying indoor residual (IRS), ọgwụ ahụhụ sịntetik. Iji DDT na mmemme njikwa VL ebutela mmepe nke nguzogide na ijiji aja, ya mere DDT ejirila alfa-cypermethrin ahụhụ dochie DDT. Otú ọ dị, alfa-cypermethrin na-eme otu ihe ahụ na DDT, ya mere, ihe ize ndụ nke iguzogide na sandflies na-abawanye n'okpuru nrụgide nke ikpughe ugboro ugboro na ọgwụ ahụhụ a. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị tụlere ike nke anwụnta ọhịa na ụmụ F1 ha site na iji bioassay bottle CDC.
Anyị nakọtara anwụnta n'ime obodo 10 dị na mpaghara Muzaffarpur nke Bihar, India. Obodo asatọ gara n'ihu na-eji ike dị elucypermethrinmaka ịgbasa n'ime ụlọ, otu obodo kwụsịrị iji cypermethrin dị elu maka ịgbasa n'ime ụlọ, otu obodo anaghị ejikwa cypermethrin dị elu maka ịgbasa n'ime ụlọ. A na-ekpughe anwụnta ndị a na-achịkọta na usoro nyocha nke akọwapụtara maka oge a kapịrị ọnụ (3 μg / ml maka 40 min), na ọnụ ọgụgụ knockdown na ọnwụ na-edekọ 24 h mgbe ekpughere ya.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ igbu anwụnta ọhịa sitere na 91.19% ruo 99.47%, na nke ọgbọ F1 ha sitere na 91.70% ruo 98.89%. Awa iri abụọ na anọ ka ekpughere ya, ọnwụ nke anwụnta ọhịa sitere na 89.34% ruo 98.93%, na nke ọgbọ F1 ha sitere na 90.16% ruo 98.33%.
Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a na-egosi na nguzogide nwere ike ịmalite na P. argentipes, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ịnọgide na-nleba anya na ịmụrụ anya iji nọgide na-achịkwa mgbe e kpochapụrụ ya.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), nke a maara dị ka kala-azar na mpaghara ala India, bụ ọrịa nje na-efe efe nke protozoan Leishmania nwere ọkọlọtọ na-ebute ma na-ebute site na aru ụmụ nwanyị na-efe efe na-efe efe (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Ijiji aja bụ naanị vector nke VL enwetara na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. India dị nso imezu ebumnuche iwepụ VL. Otú ọ dị, iji nọgide na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala ka e kpochapụrụ ya, ọ dị oké mkpa iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ vector iji gbochie mgbasa ozi.
A na-enweta njikwa anwụnta na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia site na ịgbanye ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ (IRS) site na iji ọgwụ ahụhụ sịntetik. Omume izu ike zoro ezo nke ụkwụ ọlaọcha na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ebumnuche kwesịrị ekwesị maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ site na ịgbanye ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ [1]. Ịfesa ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ nke dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) n'okpuru mmemme nchịkwa ịba mba na India enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịchịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta na ibelata nke ukwuu ikpe VL [2]. Njikwa VL a na-enweghị atụmatụ kpaliri Mmemme mkpochapụ VL nke India ka ọ nakwere ịgbasa n'ime ụlọ dịka ụzọ bụ isi nke njikwa ụkwụ ọlaọcha. Na 2005, gọọmentị India, Bangladesh, na Nepal bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nghọta na ebumnuche nke iwepụ VL site na 2015 [3]. Mgbalị mkpochapụ, gụnyere nchikota nke njikwa vector na nyocha ngwa ngwa na ọgwụgwọ nke ikpe mmadụ, bụ iji banye n'usoro nchikota site na 2015, ebumnuche e mechara degharịa na 2017 na 2020.[4]. Ụzọ ọhụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji kpochapụ ọrịa okpomọkụ ndị a na-eleghara anya gụnyere mkpochapụ VL site na 2030.[5]
Ka India na-abanye na oge mkpochapụ nke BCVD, ọ dị mkpa iji hụ na nguzogide siri ike na beta-cypermethrin adịghị etolite. Ihe kpatara nguzogide ahụ bụ na ma DDT na cypermethrin nwere otu usoro ihe omume, ya bụ, ha na-elekwasị anya na protein VGSC[21]. Ya mere, ihe ize ndụ nke nguzogide mmepe na ijiji ájá nwere ike ịbawanye site na nchekasị nke na-ebute cypermethrin dị ike mgbe niile. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ileba anya na ịchọpụta ndị nwere ike iguzogide ụmụ ahụhụ a. N'okwu a, ebumnobi nke ọmụmụ a bụ iji nyochaa ọnọdụ ike nke aja aja ọhịa site na iji usoro nyocha na oge mkpughe nke Chaubey et al kpebiri. [20] mụọ P. argentipes si n'obodo nta dị iche iche na Muzaffarpur district nke Bihar, India, bụ ndị nọgidere na-eji usoro ịgba mmiri ime ụlọ na-emeso ya na cypermethrin (obodo IPS na-aga n'ihu). Ọnọdụ ike nke anụ ọhịa P. argentipes sitere na obodo ndị kwụsịrị iji usoro ịgba mmiri ime ụlọ nke cypermethrin na-agwọ ọrịa (ime obodo IPS ndị gara aga) na ndị na-ejitụbeghị cypermethrin eme ihe n'ime ụlọ ịgbasa (ndị na-abụghị IPS obodo) tụnyere iji CDC bioassay bottle.
A họpụtara obodo iri maka ọmụmụ ihe (Fig 1; Tebụl 1), nke asatọ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-aga n'ihu n'ime ime ụlọ nke pyrethroid synthetic (hypermethrin; nke a họpụtara dị ka obodo hypermethrin na-aga n'ihu) ma nwee ikpe VL (opekata mpe otu ikpe) n'ime afọ 3 gara aga. N'ime obodo abụọ fọdụrụ na ọmụmụ ihe, otu obodo na-emeghị ihe n'ime ime ụlọ nke beta-cypermethrin (na-abụghị ime ụlọ spraying obodo) ka ahọpụtara dị ka obodo njikwa na obodo ọzọ nke nwere intermittent n'ime ụlọ spraying nke beta-cypermethrin (indoor indoor spraying obodo / mbụ ime ụlọ spraying obodo) ka ahọpụtara dị ka obodo njikwa. Nhọrọ nke obodo ndị a dabere na nchikota na Ngalaba Ahụike na Ndị na-efesa Ime Ime na nkwado nke Indoor Spraying Micro Action Plan na Muzaffarpur District.
Maapụ mpaghara nke mpaghara Muzaffarpur na-egosi ọnọdụ obodo ndị agụnyere na ọmụmụ ihe (1–10). Ebe ọmụmụ: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, Ramdas Majhauli; 3, Madhubani; 4, Anandpur Haruni; 5, Pandey; 6, Hirapur; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Simara. Ejiri ngwa QGIS (ụdị 3.30.3) na Mepee Assessment Shapefile akwadoro maapụ ahụ.
A kwadebere karama ndị ahụ maka nyocha mkpughe dịka ụzọ Chaubey et al si dị. [20] na Denlinger et al. [22]. Na nkenke, a kwadebere karama iko 500 ml otu ụbọchị tupu nnwale ahụ na mgbidi dị n'ime karama ndị ahụ ejiri ọgwụ ahụhụ egosipụtara (nyocha nchọpụta nke α-cypermethrin bụ 3 μg / mL) site n'itinye ngwọta acetone nke ụmụ ahụhụ (2.0 mL) na ala, mgbidi na okpu karama. A na-akpọzi karama ọ bụla n'elu igwe igwe maka nkeji iri atọ. N'oge a, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ wepụ okpu ahụ ka acetone pụta. Mgbe 30 min ihichachara, wepụ okpu ma tụgharịa karama ahụ ruo mgbe acetone niile kwụsịrị. A na-ahapụzie karama ndị ahụ ka ha ghee nkụ n'abali. Maka ule oyiri nke ọ bụla, otu karama, ejiri dị ka njikwa, ejiri 2.0 ml acetone kpuchie ya. A na-ejigharị karama niile eme ihe n'oge nyocha ahụ mgbe ihichachara nke ọma dịka usoro nke Denlinger et al kọwara. na Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa [22, 23].
N'ụbọchị a kwadebere ọgwụ ahụhụ, a na-ewepụ anwụnta 30-40 (ụmụ nwanyị agụụ na-agụ) n'ime oghere ndị dị na vial ma jiri nwayọọ fesa n'ime vial ọ bụla. A na-eji ihe dị ka otu ọnụ ọgụgụ ijiji maka karama ọ bụla nwere mkpuchi ahụhụ, gụnyere njikwa. Tinyegharịa nke a ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro ise ruo isii n'ime obodo ọ bụla. Mgbe nkeji 40 nke ikpughe na ọgwụ ahụhụ ahụ, a na-edekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ijiji dara. A na-ejide ijiji niile na onye na-eme ihe na-arụ ọrụ, tinye ya na arịa pint cardboard nke ejiri ezigbo ntupu kpuchie, ma tinye ya na incubator dị iche n'okpuru otu iru mmiri na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nwere otu nri nri (bọọlụ owu etinyere na 30% sugar solution) dị ka ógbè ndị a na-adịghị edozi ya. Edere ọnwụ n'ime awa 24 ka ekpughere ya na ọgwụ ahụhụ. A chụsara anwụnta niile wee nyochaa iji kwado ụdị ụdị. A na-eme otu usoro ahụ na ijiji ụmụ F1. Edere mkpọka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ awa 24 ka ekpughere ya. Ọ bụrụ na ọnwụ dị na karama njikwa bụ <5%, ọ nweghị mgbazi ọnwụ emere na ụdị nke a. Ọ bụrụ na ọnwụ dị na karama njikwa bụ ≥ 5% na ≤ 20%, a na-edozi ọnwụ na karama ule nke oyiri ahụ site na iji usoro Abbott. Ọ bụrụ na ọnwụ n'ime otu njikwa gafere 20%, a tụfuru otu ule niile [24, 25, 26].
Ọnwụ anwụ anwụnta P. argentipes nwụdere pụtara. Ogwe mperi na-anọchi anya mperi ọkọlọtọ nke ihe ọ pụtara. Nkwụsị nke ahịrị kwụ ọtọ na-acha uhie uhie abụọ nwere eserese (90% na 98% anwụ, n'otu n'otu) na-egosi windo ọnwụ nke nguzogide nwere ike ịmalite.[25]
Ọnwụ anwụ nke ụmụ F1 nke anụ ọhịa P. argentipe nwụdere. Ogwe mperi na-anọchi anya mperi ọkọlọtọ nke ihe ọ pụtara. Ọkpụkpụ nke ahịrị abụọ na-acha uhie uhie jikọtara (90% na 98% anwụ, n'otu n'otu) na-anọchi anya ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nke nguzogide nwere ike ịmalite[25].
Achọpụtara anwụnta dị na njikwa/obodo na-abụghị nke IRS (Manifulkaha) ka ọ na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu maka ụmụ ahụhụ. Ọnwụ anwụ (± SE) nke anwụnta ejidere 24 h mgbe kụsịrị na ikpughe bụ 99.47 ± 0.52% na 98.93 ± 0.65%, n'otu n'otu, na ọnwụ nke ụmụ F1 bụ 98.89 ± 1.11% na, ± 1.11% na 98.3 (T) 3).
Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a na-egosi na ijiji akpụkpọ ụkwụ ọlaọcha nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide pyrethroid synthetic (SP) α-cypermethrin n'ime obodo ebe a na-eji pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin eme ihe mgbe niile. N'ụzọ dị iche, ijiji ájá nwere ụkwụ ọlaọcha anakọtara site n'obodo nta nke IRS/amụma njikwa na-adịghị ekpuchi ya ka achọpụtara na ọ na-adịkarị mfe. Ileba anya n'ihe gbasara ijiji aja ọhịa dị mkpa maka nyochaa ịdị irè nke ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-eji, n'ihi na ozi a nwere ike inye aka n'ịchịkwa mgbochi ụmụ ahụhụ. A na-akọkwa ọkwa dị elu nke nguzogide DDT na ijiji ájá sitere na mpaghara Bihar n'ihi nrụgide nhọrọ akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere na IRS na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ a [1].
Anyị chọpụtara na P. argentipes nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na pyrethroids, na ule ubi na India, Bangladesh na Nepal gosiri na IRS nwere mmetụta dị elu nke entomological mgbe ejiri ya na cypermethrin ma ọ bụ deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Na nso nso a, Roy et al. [18] kọrọ na P. argentipes amalitela iguzogide pyrethroids na Nepal. Ọmụmụ ihe nleba anya n'ọhịa anyị gosiri na ijiji na-agba chaa chaa anakọtara site na obodo ndị na-abụghị nke IRS ekpughere bụ nke ukwuu, mana ijiji anakọtara site na intermittent / mbụ IRS na obodo IRS na-aga n'ihu (ọnwụ sitere na 90% ruo 97% ma e wezụga ijiji ájá sitere na Anandpur-Haruni nke nwere 89.34% na-anwụ anwụ na-adị irè na 24) [25]. Otu ihe nwere ike ime maka mmepe nke nguzogide a bụ nrụgide nke ime ụlọ na-emekarị spraying (IRS) na nke dabeere na mpaghara spraying mmemme, nke bụ ụkpụrụ usoro maka ijikwa kala-azar ntiwapụ na endemic ebe / blocks / obodo (Standard Operating Procedure for Outbreak Investigation and Management [30] . Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a na-enye mmalite na-egosi nrụgide megide mmepe nke mmepe nke ukwuu. data susceptibility maka mpaghara a, nke enwetara site na iji bioassay bottle CDC, adịghị maka ntụnyere; ihe ọmụmụ niile gara aga enyochala ike nke P. argentipes site na iji akwụkwọ ahụhụ nke WHO na-achọpụta ọrịa ụmụ ahụhụ na mpempe ule WHO bụ ihe akwadoro njirimara nke ụmụ ahụhụ maka iji megide ọrịa ịba na ọrịa ịba. ijiji na-edoghị anya n'ihi na ijiji na-efekarị obere oge karịa anwụnta, ma na-etinyekwu oge na kọntaktị na mkpụrụ na bioassay [23].
A na-eji pyrethroid sịntetik eme ihe na mpaghara VL nke Nepal kemgbe 1992, na-agbanwe na SPs alpha-cypermethrin na lambda-cyhalothrin maka njikwa sandfly [31], na deltamethrin ejiriwokwa na Bangladesh kemgbe 2012 [32]. Achọpụtala nguzogide phenotypic na ndị bi n'ọhịa nke sandflies na-acha ọlaọcha na mpaghara ebe ejirila pyrethroid sịntetị mee ihe ruo ogologo oge [18, 33, 34]. Achọpụtala mmụgharị na-enweghị atụ (L1014F) n'ime anụ ọhịa ndị India sandfly wee jikọta ya na iguzogide DDT, na-atụ aro na nguzogide pyrethroid na-ebilite na ọkwa molekụla, dịka ma DDT na pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) na-elekwasị anya otu mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime sistemu ụjọ ahụhụ ahụhụ [17]. Ya mere, ntule nhazi usoro nke cypermethrin na-ahụ maka nkwụsịtụ na nlekota nke mgbochi anwụnta dị mkpa n'oge mkpochapụ na oge nkwụsị.
Mmachi nwere ike ime nke ọmụmụ a bụ na anyị jiri CDC vial bioassay tụọ ike, mana ntụnyere niile ejiri nsonaazụ sitere na ọmụmụ gara aga site na iji ngwa bioassay WHO. Nsonaazụ sitere na bioassays abụọ ahụ nwere ike ọgaghị atụnyere ozugbo n'ihi na CDC vial bioassay na-atụ egwu ịkụda na njedebe nke oge nyocha, ebe WHO kit bioassay na-atụle ọnwụ na 24 ma ọ bụ 72 awa mgbe mkpughe (nke ikpeazụ maka ogige na-eme ngwa ngwa) [35]. Mmachi ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo IRS na ọmụmụ a ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu obodo na-abụghị IRS na otu obodo na-abụghị IRS/bụbu IRS. Anyị enweghị ike iche na ọkwa nke anwụnta vector a na-ahụ n'ime obodo n'otu n'otu na-anọchite anya ọkwa nke ike n'ime obodo na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na Bihar. Ka India na-abanye n'oge mkpochapụ nke nje leukemia, ọ dị mkpa iji gbochie mmepe dị ịrịba ama nke nguzogide. Nleba anya ngwa ngwa nke nguzogide na ndị mmadụ si na mpaghara dị iche iche, ngọngọ na mpaghara ala ka achọrọ. Ihe omuma a gosiputara n'ime ihe omumu a bu ihe nmalite ma kwesiri ka enyocha ya site na iji ya tụnyere ihe nleba anya nke World Health Organisation [35] bipụtara iji nweta echiche a kapịrị ọnụ nke ọnọdụ nhụsianya nke P. argentipe na mpaghara ndị a tupu ịmegharị mmemme nchịkwa vector iji nọgide na-enwe obere ájá ájá na ịkwado mkpochapụ nje leukemia.
Anwụnta P. argentipes, vector nke nje leukosis, nwere ike ịmalite igosi mmalite nke iguzogide cypermethrin dị oke mma. Nleba anya mgbe nile nke nguzogide ụmụ ahụhụ na ndị bi n'ime ọhịa nke P. argentipes dị mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe mmetụta ọrịa na-efe efe nke nchịkwa vector. Ntugharị nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ụdị omume dị iche iche na / ma ọ bụ nyocha na ndebanye aha ọhụrụ ụmụ ahụhụ dị mkpa ma kwadoro iji jikwaa mgbochi ụmụ ahụhụ na ịkwado mkpochapụ nke nje leukosis na India.
Oge nzipu: Feb-17-2025