Ejirila ndị na-ahụ maka uto ihe ọkụkụ dị ka atụmatụ iji belata nrụgide okpomọkụ na ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche

A na-emepụta osikapa na-ebelata n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe dị na Colombia.Ndị na-achịkwa uto osisiejirila dị ka atụmatụ iji belata nrụgide okpomọkụ na ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche. Ya mere, ebumnobi nke ọmụmụ a bụ iji nyochaa mmetụta physiological (omume stomatal, stomatal conductance, mkpokọta chlorophyll ọdịnaya, Fv / Fm ratio nke ụdị osikapa abụọ azụmahịa nke a na-etinye na nrụgide okpomọkụ (oke ehihie na abalị), okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na onye ikwu. ọdịnaya mmiri) na mgbanwe biochemical (malondialdehyde (MDA) na ọdịnaya prolinic acid). Emere nnwale nke mbụ na nke abụọ site na iji osisi nke genotypes osikapa abụọ Federrose 67 ("F67") na Federrose 2000 ("F2000") n'otu n'otu. A tụlere nnwale abụọ a ọnụ dị ka usoro nnwale. Usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị a kwadoro bụ ndị a: njikwa zuru oke (AC) (osisi osikapa toro na okpomọkụ kachasị mma (ụbọchị / abalị okpomọkụ 30/25 ° C)), njikwa nrụgide okpomọkụ (SC) [osisi osikapa na-ejikọta naanị nrụgide okpomọkụ (40/ 25 Celsius C). 30ºC)], na osisi osikapa mesiri ike ma fesaa ya na ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi (nrụgide + AUX, nrụgide + BR, nrụgide + CK ma ọ bụ nrụgide + GA) ugboro abụọ (ụbọchị 5 tupu na ụbọchị 5 mgbe nrụgide okpomọkụ gasịrị). Ịfesa na SA na-abawanye mkpokọta chlorophyll nke ụdị abụọ ahụ (ịdị arọ nke osisi osikapa "F67" na "F2000" bụ 3.25 na 3.65 mg / g, n'otu n'otu) ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi SC (ịdị arọ nke "F67" dị ọhụrụ bụ 2.36 na 2.56). mg). g-1)" na osikapa "F2000", foliar ngwa nke CK nakwa n'ozuzu mma stomatal conductance nke osikapa "F2000" osisi (499.25 vs. 150.60 mmol m-2 s) tụnyere okpomọkụ nchegbu akara. nrụgide okpomọkụ, okpomọkụ nke okpueze osisi na-ebelata site na 2-3 Celsius C, na ọdịnaya MDA na osisi na-ebelata. Ndekọ nnabata nke ikwu na-egosi na ngwa foliar nke CK (97.69%) na BR (60.73%) nwere ike inye aka belata nsogbu nke ikpokọta ọkụ. nchegbu tumadi na F2000 osikapa osisi. N'ikpeazụ, a pụrụ ịtụle ịgbasa foliar nke BR ma ọ bụ CK dị ka atụmatụ agronomic iji nyere aka belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara na omume physiological nke osisi osikapa.
Osikapa (Oryza sativa) bụ nke ezinụlọ Poaceae ma bụrụ otu n'ime ọka ndị a kacha akọ n'ụwa yana ọka na ọka wit (Bajaj na Mohanty, 2005). Mpaghara a na-akọ osikapa bụ hectare 617,934, na mmepụta mba na 2020 bụ tọn 2,937,840 nwere nkezi mkpụrụ nke 5.02 tọn / ha (Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021).
Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-emetụta ihe ọkụkụ osikapa, na-eduga n'ụdị nrụgide abiotic dị iche iche dị ka oke okpomọkụ na oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme ka okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ebili; A na-atụ anya na okpomọkụ ga-ebili site na 1.0-3.7 Celsius na narị afọ nke 21, nke nwere ike ịbawanye ugboro na nrụgide okpomọkụ. Mmụba okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi emetụtala osikapa, na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-akụda 6-7% . N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbanwe ihu igwe na-edugakwa na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma maka ihe ọkụkụ, dị ka oge oké ọkọchị ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ dị elu na mpaghara okpomọkụ na ebe okpomọkụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ihe omume mgbanwe dị ka El Niño nwere ike iduga nrụgide okpomọkụ ma mee ka mmebi ihe ọkụkụ dịkwuo njọ na mpaghara ụfọdụ okpomọkụ. Na Colombia, a na-atụ anya na okpomọkụ dị n'ebe ndị na-emepụta osikapa ga-abawanye site na 2-2.5 Celsius site na 2050, na-ebelata mmepụta osikapa ma na-emetụta nrịba ngwaahịa na ahịa na agbụ ọkọnọ.
A na-akụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na mpaghara ebe okpomọkụ dị nso na oke kachasị maka uto ihe ọkụkụ (Shah et al., 2011). A na-akọ na nkezi kacha mma ehihie na abalị okpomọkụ makauto na mmepe osikapana-adịkarị 28°C na 22°C, n'otu n'otu (Kilasi et al., 2018; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021). Okpomọkụ dị n'elu ọnụ ụzọ ndị a nwere ike ime ka oge okpomọkụ dị oke ma dị oke egwu n'oge usoro mmepe osikapa (tillering, anthesis, flowering, and grain filling), si otú ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ọka. Mbelata nke mkpụrụ a bụ n'ihi ogologo oge nke nrụgide okpomọkụ, nke na-emetụta physiology osisi . N'ihi mmekọrịta nke ihe dị iche iche, dị ka oge nrụgide na oke okpomọkụ ruru, nrụgide okpomọkụ nwere ike ime ka mmebi dị iche iche na-emebi emebi na-emebi ihe ọkụkụ na mmepe.
Nchegbu okpomọkụ na-emetụta usoro physiological na biochemical dị iche iche na osisi. Akwukwo photosynthesis bụ otu n'ime usoro ndị na-enwekarị ike ikpo ọkụ na osisi osikapa, ebe ọnụego photosynthesis na-ebelata site na 50% mgbe okpomọkụ kwa ụbọchị gafere 35 ° C. Nzaghachi anụ ahụ nke osisi osikapa dịgasị iche dabere n'ụdị nrụgide okpomọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-egbochi ọnụego fotosythetic na omume stomatal mgbe osisi na-ekpuchi elu ụbọchị okpomọkụ (33-40 ° C) ma ọ bụ elu ehihie na abalị (35-40 ° C n'ehihie, 28-30 ° C). C pụtara abalị) (Lü et al., 2013; Fahad et al., 2016; Chaturvedi et al., 2017). Okpomọkụ abalị dị elu (30 Celsius) na-eme ka mgbochi nke photosynthesis agafeghị oke mana na-abawanye iku ume abalị (Fahad et al., 2016; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017). N'agbanyeghị oge nrụgide, nrụgide okpomọkụ na-emetụtakwa ọdịnaya chlorophyll akwukwo, oke nke chlorophyll variable fluorescence na chlorophyll fluorescence kachasị (Fv/Fm), na Rubisco activation na osisi osikapa (Cao et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2010). ) Sanchez Reynoso et al., 2014).
Mgbanwe biochemical bụ akụkụ ọzọ nke mmegharị ihe ọkụkụ na nrụgide okpomọkụ (Wahid et al., 2007). Ejila ọdịnaya proline mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi nrụgide osisi (Ahmed and Hassan 2011). Proline na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na metabolism nke osisi ka ọ na-eme dị ka carbon ma ọ bụ nitrogen isi iyi na dị ka akpụkpọ ahụ stabilizer n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014). Okpomọkụ dị elu na-emetụtakwa nkwụsi ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ site na peroxidation lipid, na-eduga na nhazi nke malondialdehyde (MDA) (Wahid et al., 2007). Ya mere, a na-ejikwa ọdịnaya MDA mee ihe iji ghọta nhazi nhazi nke membranes cell n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ (Cao et al., 2009; Chavez-Arias et al., 2018). N'ikpeazụ, nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ [37/30 ° C (ụbọchị / abalị)] mụbara pasent nke ntanye electrolyte na ọdịnaya malondialdehyde na osikapa (Liu et al., 2013).
A tụlere iji ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi (GR) iji belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke nrụgide okpomọkụ, ebe ihe ndị a na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nzaghachi osisi ma ọ bụ usoro nchebe physiological megide nrụgide dị otú ahụ (Peleg na Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. et al. ., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2015). Ngwa ngwa ngwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa enweela mmetụta dị mma na nnabata nrụgide okpomọkụ na ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche. Nnyocha egosiwo na phytohormones dị ka gibberellins (GA), cytokinins (CK), auxins (AUX) ma ọ bụ brassinosteroids (BR) na-eduga n'ịbawanye mgbanwe dị iche iche nke physiological na biochemical (Peleg na Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. Ren, 2011). ; Mitler et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2014). Na Colombia, a ghọtabeghị nke ọma ma mụọ ihe gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ubi osikapa. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha e mere gara aga gosiri na foliar spraying nke BR nwere ike ime ka osikapa nwee ike imeziwanye àgwà mgbanwe gas, chlorophyll ma ọ bụ proline ọdịnaya nke mkpụrụ osisi osikapa (Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021).
Cytokinins na-edozi nzaghachi osisi na nrụgide abiotic, gụnyere nrụgide okpomọkụ (Ha et al., 2012). Na mgbakwunye, a kọwapụtara na ngwa exogenous nke CK nwere ike ibelata mmebi ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, itinye zeatin na-apụ apụ mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ photosynthetic, chlorophyll a na b ọdịnaya, na mmepụta eletrik na-arụ ọrụ na bentgrass (Agrotis estolonifera) n'oge nrụgide okpomọkụ (Xu na Huang, 2009; Jespersen na Huang, 2015). Ngwa nke zeatin nwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ antioxidant, welie njikọ nke protein dị iche iche, belata mmebi ikuku oxygen (ROS) na mmepụta malondialdehyde (MDA) na anụ ahụ osisi (Chernyadyev, 2009; Yang et al., 2009). , 2016; Kumar et al., 2020).
Ojiji gibberellic acid egosiwokwa nzaghachi dị mma na nrụgide okpomọkụ. Nnyocha egosiwo na GA biosynthesis na-emezi ụzọ dị iche iche nke metabolic ma na-abawanye ndidi n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu (Alonso-Ramirez et al. 2009; Khan et al. 2020). Abdel-Nabi et al. (2020) chọpụtara na ịgbasa foliar nke exogenous GA (25 ma ọ bụ 50 mg * L) nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụego photosynthetic na ọrụ antioxidant na osisi oroma na-ekpo ọkụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi njikwa. A chọpụtakwara na ngwa exogenous nke HA na-abawanye ọdịnaya mmiri, chlorophyll na carotenoid ọdịnaya ma na-ebelata peroxidation lipid na nkwụ ụbọchị (Phoenix dactylifera) n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ (Khan et al., 2020). Auxin na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịhazi nzaghachi uto mgbanwe maka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu (Sun et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016). Onye na-ahụ maka uto a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nrịbama biochemical na usoro dị iche iche dị ka njikọ proline ma ọ bụ mmebi n'okpuru nrụgide abiotic (Ali et al. 2007). Na mgbakwunye, AUX na-akwalitekwa ọrụ antioxidant, nke na-eduga n'ibelata MDA na osisi n'ihi mbelata peroxidation lipid (Bielach et al., 2017). Sergeev et al. (2018) chọpụtara na na osisi pea (Pisum sativum) n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ, ọdịnaya nke proline - dimethylaminoethoxycarbonylmethyl) naphthylchloromethyl ether (TA-14) na-abawanye. N'otu nnwale ahụ, ha hụkwara ọkwa dị ala nke MDA n'ime osisi a na-emeso ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi anaghị eji AUX agwọ ya.
Brassinosteroids bụ klas ọzọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eji belata mmetụta nke nrụgide okpomọkụ. Ogweno et al. (2008) kọrọ na exogenous BR ịgbasa mụbara net photosynthetic ọnụego, stomatal omume na kacha ọnụego nke Rubisco carboxylation nke tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) osisi n'okpuru okpomọkụ nrụgide maka ụbọchị 8. Ịfesa epibrassinosteroids nke foliar nwere ike ime ka ọnụọgụ kukumba (Cucumis sativus) dị n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ (Yu et al., 2004). Na mgbakwunye, ngwa exogenous nke BR na-egbu oge mmebi chlorophyll ma na-abawanye arụmọrụ iji mmiri na oke mkpụrụ nke PSII photochemistry na osisi n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ (Holá et al., 2010; Toussagunpanit et al., 2015).
N'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe, ihe ọkụkụ osikapa na-eche ihu oge okpomọkụ kwa ụbọchị (Lesk et al., 2016; Garcés, 2020; Federaroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021). Na phenotyping osisi, a mụọla iji phytonutrients ma ọ bụ biostimulants dị ka atụmatụ iji belata nrụgide okpomọkụ na mpaghara osikapa (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderón et al. , 2021). Na mgbakwunye, iji biochemical na physiological variables (okpomọkụ akwụkwọ, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll na ikwu ọdịnaya mmiri, malondialdehyde na proline synthesis) bụ ngwá ọrụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka nyocha osisi osikapa n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ na mpaghara na mba ụwa (Sánchez -Reynoso). et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Otú ọ dị, nnyocha banyere ojiji nke foliar phytohormonal sprays na osikapa na mpaghara larịị ka dị ụkọ Ya mere, ọmụmụ nke physiological na biochemical mmeghachi omume nke ngwa nke osisi na-achịkwa uto osisi dị oké mkpa maka atụmatụ nke bara uru agronomic atụmatụ. na-ekwu banyere mmetụta ọjọọ nke oge mgbagwoju anya okpomọkụ na osikapa. paramita na ọdịnaya mmiri ikwu) yana mmetụta biochemical nke ngwa foliar nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi anọ (AUX, CK, GA na BR). (Photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde na proline ọdịnaya) Mgbanwe na abụọ azụmahịa osikapa genotypes doro n'ihi na ngwakọta okpomọkụ (oke ụbọchị / abalị okpomọkụ).
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, e mere nnwale abụọ onwe ha. A na-eji genotypes Federrose 67 (F67: genotype mepụtara na okpomọkụ dị elu n'ime afọ iri gara aga) na Federrose 2000 (F2000: genotype mepụtara n'ime afọ iri gara aga nke narị afọ nke 20 nke na-egosi iguzogide nje virus na-acha ọcha) na nke mbụ. mkpụrụ. na nnwale nke abụọ, n'otu n'otu. Ndị ọrụ ugbo Colombia na-akọ ụdị genotypes abụọ a. A na-akụ mkpụrụ n'ime trays 10-L (ogologo 39.6 cm, obosara 28.8 cm, ịdị elu 16.8 cm) nwere ala loam aja nwere 2% organic okwu. A kụrụ mkpụrụ ise tupu amịpụta n'ime traị ọ bụla. A na-etinye pallets ahụ na griin haus nke ngalaba nke Agricultural Sciences nke National University of Colombia, Bogotá campus (43°50′56″ N, 74°04′051″ W), na elu 2556 m n'elu oke osimiri ( asl). m.) ma emere ya site na Ọktoba ruo Disemba 2019. Otu nnwale (Federroz 67) na nnwale nke abụọ (Federroz 2000) n'otu oge nke 2020.
Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na griin haus n'oge akuku ọ bụla bụ ndị a: ehihie na abalị okpomọkụ 30/25 ° C, iru mmiri 60 ~ 80%, eke photoperiod 12 awa (photosynthetically arụ ọrụ radieshon 1500 µmol (photons) m-2 s-) . 1 n'ehihie). A na-etinye fatịlaịza osisi dịka ọdịnaya nke mmewere ọ bụla si dị ụbọchị 20 ka mkpụrụ pụtachara (DAE), dịka Sánchez-Reinoso et al. (2019): 670 mg nitrogen kwa osisi, 110 mg phosphorus kwa osisi, 350 mg potassium kwa osisi, 68 mg calcium kwa osisi, 20 mg magnesium kwa osisi, 20 mg sọlfọ kwa osisi, 17 mg silicon kwa osisi. Osisi nwere 10 mg boron kwa osisi, 17 mg ọla kọpa kwa osisi, na 44 mg zinc kwa osisi. A na-edobe osisi osikapa ruo 47 DAE na nnwale ọ bụla mgbe ha rutere ọkwa phenological V5 n'oge a. Nnyocha ndị gara aga egosila na ọkwa phenological a bụ oge kwesịrị ekwesị iji duzie ọmụmụ nrụgide okpomọkụ na osikapa (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017).
N'ime nnwale nke ọ bụla, a na-eme ngwa abụọ dị iche iche nke nhazi uto akwukwo. A na-etinye ihe nkedo mbụ nke foliar phytohormone sprays 5 ụbọchị tupu ọgwụgwọ nrụgide okpomọkụ (42 DAE) iji kwadebe osisi maka nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-enye fesa foliar nke abụọ ụbọchị 5 ka ekpughere osisi ndị ahụ na ọnọdụ nrụgide (52 DAE). A na-eji phytohormon anọ mee ihe na njirimara nke ihe ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ nke a gbasasịrị n'ọmụmụ ihe a na-edepụta na tebụl mgbakwunye 1. Ntụle nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto akwukwo ejiri mee ihe bụ ndị a: (i) Auxin (1-naphthylacetic acid: NAA) na ntinye nke 5. × 10−5 M (ii) 5 × 10–5 M gibberellin (gibberellic acid: NAA); GA3); (iii) Cytokinin (trans-zeatin) 1 × 10-5 M (iv) Brassinosteroids [Spirostan-6-otu, 3,5-dihydroxy-, (3b,5a,25R)] 5 × 10-5; M. A na-ahọrọ mkpokọta ndị a n'ihi na ha na-ebute nzaghachi dị mma ma na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eguzogide nrụgide okpomọkụ (Zahir et al., 2001; Wen et al., 2010; El-Bassiony et al., 2012; Salehifar et al., 2017). A na-eji naanị mmiri distilled agwọ osisi osikapa na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-ahụ maka uto ihe ọkụkụ. A na-eji ihe nfesa aka fesa osisi osikapa niile. Tinye 20 ml H2O na osisi ahụ iji mee ka mmiri dị n'elu na ala nke akwụkwọ ahụ. Ihe nfesa foliar niile jiri adjuvant ọrụ ugbo (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Colombia) na 0.1% (v/v). Ebe dị n'etiti ite na sprayer bụ 30 cm.
A na-enye ọgwụgwọ nrụgide okpomọkụ ụbọchị 5 ka nke mbụ foliar spray (47 DAE) na nnwale ọ bụla. A na-ebufe osisi osikapa site na griin haus gaa na 294 L na-eto eto (MLR-351H, Sanyo, IL, USA) iji guzobe nrụgide okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ nọgide na-enwe otu ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi (47 DAE). A na-eme ọgwụgwọ nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ site n'itinye ụlọ ahụ na okpomọkụ ehihie na abalị: okpomọkụ dị elu nke ehihie [40 Celsius C maka awa 5 (site na 11:00 ruo 16:00)] na oge abalị [30 ° C maka awa 5. ] . Ụbọchị 8 n'usoro (site na 19:00 ruo 24:00). A na-ahọrọ okpomọkụ nrụgide na oge ikpughe dabere na ọmụmụ ihe gara aga (Sánchez-Reynoso et al. 2014; Alvarado-Sanabría et al. 2017). N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-edobe otu osisi na-ebufe n'ime ụlọ na-eto eto na griin haus na otu okpomọkụ (30 Celsius C n'ụbọchị / 25 Celsius n'abalị) maka ụbọchị 8 n'usoro.
Na njedebe nke nnwale ahụ, a nwetara ndị otu ọgwụgwọ ndị a: (i) ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-eto eto + ngwa nke mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ [Nchịkwa zuru oke (AC)], (ii) ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ + itinye mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ [njikwa okpomọkụ (SC) )]], (iii) ọnọdụ ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ + ngwa auxin (AUX), (iv) ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ + ngwa gibberellin (GA), (v) ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ + ngwa cytokinin (CK), na (vi) ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ. + brassinosteroid (BR) Ihe mgbakwunye. A na-eji otu ọgwụgwọ ndị a maka genotypes abụọ (F67 na F2000). A na-eme usoro ọgwụgwọ niile n'ụzọ zuru oke na nhazi ise, nke ọ bụla nwere otu osisi. A na-eji osisi ọ bụla gụpụta mgbanwe ndị a na-ekpebi na njedebe nke nnwale ahụ. Nnwale ahụ mere 55 DAE.
A tụrụ omume stomatal (gs) site na iji porosometer nwere ike ibugharị (SC-1, METER Group Inc., USA) sitere na 0 ruo 1000 mmol m-2 s-1, yana oghere oghere nke 6.35 mm. A na-eme nha site na ijikọta ihe nyocha stomameter na akwukwo tozuru oke na nnukwu oge ịse nke osisi ahụ gbasaa nke ọma. Maka ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla, a na-agụ gs na akwụkwọ atọ nke osisi ọ bụla n'etiti 11:00 na 16:00 na nkezi.
Ekpebiri RWC dịka usoro Ghoulam et al kọwara si dị. (2002). A na-ejikwa mpempe akwụkwọ gbasaa nke ọma iji chọpụta g iji tụọ RWC. Achọpụtara ịdị arọ ọhụrụ (FW) ozugbo owuwe ihe ubi site na iji ọnụọgụ dijitalụ. A na-etinye akwụkwọ ahụ n'ime akpa rọba jupụtara na mmiri ma hapụ ya n'ọchịchịrị na okpomọkụ (22 Celsius) maka awa 48. Wee tụọ n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dijitalụ wee dekọọ ibu gbasaara (TW). Akpọrọ akwụkwọ ndị ahụ fụrụ akpụ na oven akpọọ nkụ na 75°C maka awa 48 ma dekọrọ ibu ha kpọrọ nkụ (DW).
Achọpụtara ọdịnaya chlorophyll dị na ya site na iji mita chlorophyll (atLeafmeter, FT Green LLC, USA) wee gosipụta ya na ngalaba atLeaf (Dey et al., 2016). Edekọbara ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha arụmọrụ quantum PSII (ratio Fv/Fm) site na iji chlorophyll fluorimeter na-aga n'ihu (Handy PEA, Hansatech Instruments, UK). A na-emegharị akwụkwọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị site na iji mkpị akwụkwọ maka nkeji 20 tupu nha Fv/Fm (Restrepo-Diaz na Garces-Varon, 2013). Mgbe akwụkwọ ndị ahụ gbachara ọchịchịrị, a tụrụ ihe ndabere (F0) na fluorescence kacha (Fm). Site na data ndị a, fluorescence na-agbanwe agbanwe (Fv = Fm - F0), nha nke fluorescence na-agbanwe agbanwe na fluorescence kachasị (Fv / Fm), mkpụrụ kachasị nke PSII photochemistry (Fv / F0) na nha Fm / F0 gbakọrọ (Baker). , 2008; Lee et al., 2017). A na-agụ chlorophyll na chlorophyll fluorescence dị n'otu akwụkwọ ahụ ejiri maka nha gs.
Achịkọtara ihe dị ka 800 mg nke akwụkwọ arọ ọhụrụ dị ka mgbanwe biochemical. A na-edobe ihe nlele akwụkwọ n'ime mmiri mmiri nitrogen ma chekwaa maka nyocha ọzọ. Usoro spectrometric eji atụle chlorophyll anụ ahụ a, b na ọdịnaya carotenoid dabere na usoro na nha anya nke Wellburn (1994) kọwara. A na-anakọta ihe nlele anụ ahụ akwụkwọ (30 mg) wee jikọta ya na 3 ml nke 80% acetone. E meziri ihe nlele ndị ahụ (ihe atụ 420101, Becton Dickinson Primary Care Diagnostics, USA) na 5000 rpm maka 10 min iji wepụ ihe irighiri ihe. A ghasara nnukwu ihe ahụ na olu ikpeazụ nke 6 ml site na ịgbakwunye 80% acetone (Sims na Gamon, 2002). Achọpụtara ọdịnaya nke chlorophyll na 663 (chlorophyll a) na 646 (chlorophyll b) nm, yana carotenoids na 470 nm site na iji spectrophotometer (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-vis, Thermo, USA).
Usoro thiobarbituric acid (TBA) nke Hodges et al kọwara. A na-eji (1999) nyochaa membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA). Ihe dị ka 0,3 g nke anụ ahụ akwụkwọ ka bụkwa otu n'ime nitrogen mmiri mmiri. A na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ na 5000 rpm ma tụọ nnabata na spectrophotometer na 440, 532 na 600 nm. N'ikpeazụ, a gbakọrọ ntinye MDA site na iji ọnụọgụ mkpochapụ (157 Mml-1).
Achọpụtara ọdịnaya proline nke ọgwụgwọ niile site na iji usoro Bates et al kọwara. (1973). Tinye 10 ml nke ihe ngwọta mmiri 3% nke sulfosalicylic acid na ihe nlele echekwara wee nyochaa akwụkwọ Whatman (Mba 2). Mgbe ahụ, 2 ml nke filtrate a meghachiri ya na 2 ml nke ninhydric acid na 2 ml nke glacial acetic acid. A na-etinye ngwakọta ahụ n'ime mmiri ịsa ahụ na 90 Celsius C maka awa 1. Kwụsị mmeghachi omume site na incubating na ice. Kwachaa tube ahụ nke ọma site na iji vortex shaker wee gbazee ihe ngwọta na-esi na ya pụta na 4 ml nke toluene. A na-ekpebi ịgụ ihe na-agụ na 520 nm site na iji otu spectrophotometer ejiri mee ihe maka nhazi nke pigmenti photosynthetic (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-Vis, Thermo, Madison, WI, USA).
Usoro nke Gerhards et al. (2016) iji gbakọọ okpomoku okpomọkụ na CSI. Ejiri igwefoto FLIR 2 were were foto okpomọkụ (FLIR Systems Inc., Boston, MA, USA) were nha nha nke ± 2 Celsius C na njedebe nke oge nrụgide. Debe elu ọcha n'azụ osisi maka ịse foto. Ọzọ, a na-ewere ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị ka ihe atụ ntụaka. A na-etinye osisi ndị ahụ n'elu elu ọcha; Ekpuchiri otu na adjuvant ọrụ ugbo (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Bogotá, Colombia) iji mee ka oghere nke stomata niile [wet mode (Twet)], nke ọzọ bụ akwụkwọ na-enweghị ngwa ọ bụla [Dry mode (Tdry)] (Castro). -Duque et al., 2020). Ebe dị n'etiti igwefoto na ite n'oge ịse foto bụ 1 m.
A na-agbakọ ihe nrịbama nke ntachi obi n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya site na iji stomatal conductance (gs) nke osisi a na-agwọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi na-achịkwa (osisi na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ nrụgide na ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-etinyere) iji chọpụta nnabata nke genotypes a na-emeso enyocha na ọmụmụ a. Enwetara RTI site na nha nha nke emere site na Chávez-Arias et al. (2020).
N'ime nnwale nke ọ bụla, a na-ekpebi ụdị mgbanwe usoro ọmụmụ niile a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu ma dekọọ ya na 55 DAE site na iji akwụkwọ gbasawanye nke ọma anakọtara site na mkpuchi elu. Na mgbakwunye, a na-eme nha n'ime ụlọ na-eto eto iji zere ịgbanwe ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke osisi na-eto eto.
A tụlere data sitere na nnwale nke mbụ na nke abụọ ọnụ dị ka usoro nnwale. Otu ọ bụla nnwale nwere osisi 5, na osisi ọ bụla mebere nkeji nnwale. Emere nyocha nke ọdịiche (ANOVA) (P ≤ 0.05). Mgbe achọpụtara nnukwu ndịiche, Tukey's post hoc comparative test were jiri P ≤ 0.05. Jiri ọrụ arcsine gbanwee ụkpụrụ pasentị. A na-enyocha data site na iji sọftụwia Statistix v 9.0 (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, FL, USA) wee kpaa nkata site na iji SigmaPlot (ụdị 10.0; Systat Software, San Jose, CA, USA). A na-eme nyocha nke isi ihe site na iji InfoStat 2016 software (Analysis Software, National University of Cordoba, Argentina) iji chọpụta ndị na-achịkwa ihe ọkụkụ kachasị mma na-amụ.
Isiokwu 1 na-achịkọta ANOVA na-egosi nnwale, ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche, na mmekọrịta ha na akwụkwọ foto synthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoids), malondialdehyde (MDA) na proline ọdịnaya, na stomatal conductance. Mmetụta nke gs, ọdịnaya mmiri nwere ikwu. (RWC), ọdịnaya chlorophyll, chlorophyll alpha fluorescence parameters, okpueze okpomọkụ (PCT) (°C), ihe nrịbama ihe ọkụkụ (CSI) na ntụle nnabata nke ahịhịa osikapa na 55 DAE.
Isiokwu 1. Nchịkọta nke data ANOVA na osikapa physiological na biochemical variables n'etiti nnwale (genotypes) na ọgwụgwọ nrụgide okpomọkụ.
Ọdịiche (P≤0.01) na akwụkwọ photosynthetic pigment mmekọrịta, ikwu chlorophyll ọdịnaya (Atleaf agụ), na alpha-chlorophyll fluorescence parameters n'etiti nnwale na ọgwụgwọ na-egosi na Tebụl 2. Elu ehihie na abalị okpomọkụ na-abawanye mkpokọta chlorophyll na carotenoid ọdịnaya. Osisi osikapa na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-efesa foliar nke phytohormones (2.36 mg g-1 maka "F67" na 2.56 mg g-1 maka "F2000") ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi ndị toro n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ kachasị mma (2.67 mg g -1)) gosipụtara ọdịnaya chlorophyll dị ala. . N'ime nnwale abụọ ahụ, "F67" bụ 2.80 mg g-1 na "F2000" bụ 2.80 mg g-1. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mkpụrụ osisi osikapa na-ejikọta ya na AUX na GA sprays n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ gosikwara mbelata ọdịnaya chlorophyll na genotypes abụọ (AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 na GA = 1.45 mg g-1 maka "F67"; AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 na GA = 1.45 mg g-1 maka “F67″; AUX = 2.24 mg) g-1 na GA = 1.43 mg g-1 (maka "F2000") n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ, ọgwụgwọ foliar na BR rụpụtara ntakịrị mmụba na mgbanwe a na genotypes abụọ ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, CK foliar spray gosipụtara ụkpụrụ pigmenti fotosynthetic kachasị elu n'etiti ọgwụgwọ niile (AUX, GA, BR, SC na AC) na genotypes F67 (3.24 mg g-1) na F2000 (3.65 mg g-1). E belatara ọdịnaya nke chlorophyll (otu Atleaf) site na nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ. Edekọkwara ụkpụrụ kachasị elu na osisi ndị ejiri CC fesa na genotypes abụọ (41.66 maka "F67" na 49.30 maka "F2000"). Ọnụọgụ Fv na Fv/Fm gosipụtara nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọgwụgwọ na ihe ọkụkụ (Table 2). N'ozuzu, n'ime mgbanwe ndị a, cultivar F67 adịchaghị mfe na nrụgide okpomọkụ karịa cultivar F2000. Oke Fv na Fv/Fm tara ahụhụ karịa na nnwale nke abụọ. Mkpụrụ osisi 'F2000' nke nrụgide na-ejighị phytohormones ọ bụla nwere ụkpụrụ Fv kacha ala (2120.15) na Fv/Fm ratios (0.59), mana fesa foliar na CK nyere aka weghachite ụkpụrụ ndị a (Fv: 2591, 89, Fv). / Oke FM: 0.73). , na-anata agụ dị ka ndị e dekọrọ na "F2000" osisi toro n'okpuru ezigbo okpomọkụ ọnọdụ (Fv: 2955.35, Fv / Fm ratio: 0.73: 0.72). Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na fluorescence nke mbụ (F0), fluorescence kacha (Fm), mkpụrụ kacha nke fotochemical quantum nke PSII (Fv/F0) na oke Fm/F0. N'ikpeazụ, BR gosipụtara omume yiri nke ahụ dị ka CK (Fv 2545.06, Fv/Fm ratio 0.73).
Tebụl 2. Mmetụta nke nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ (40 ° / 30 Celsius C ụbọchị / abalị) na akwukwo photosynthetic pigments [ngụkọta chlorophyll (Chl Total), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) na carotenoids Cx + c] mmetụta ], ọdịnaya chlorophyll ikwu (Atliff unit), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (mbụ fluorescence). (F0), fluorescence kachasị (Fm), fluorescence na-agbanwe agbanwe (Fv), arụmọrụ PSII kachasị (Fv / Fm), mkpụrụ osisi kachasị elu nke PSII (Fv / F0) na Fm / F0 na osisi nke ụdị osikapa abụọ [Federrose 67 F67) na Federrose 2000 (F2000)] 55 ụbọchị mgbe ntoputa (DAE)).
Ọdịnaya mmiri dị n'akụkụ (RWC) nke osisi osikapa dị iche iche gosipụtara ọdịiche (P ≤ 0.05) na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọgwụgwọ nnwale na foliar (Fig 1A). Mgbe a na-emeso ya na SA, e dekọrọ ọnụ ahịa kachasị ala maka genotypes abụọ (74.01% maka F67 na 76.6% maka F2000). N'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ, RWC nke osisi osikapa nke genotypes abụọ a na-emeso ya na phytohormon dị iche iche mụbara nke ukwuu. N'ozuzu, ngwa foliar nke CK, GA, AUX, ma ọ bụ BR mụbara RWC na ụkpụrụ yiri nke osisi ndị toro n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma n'oge nnwale ahụ. Njikwa zuru oke na ihe ọkụkụ na-efe efe na-edekọ ụkpụrụ nke gburugburu 83% maka genotypes abụọ ahụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, gs gosikwara ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama (P ≤ 0.01) na mmekọrịta nnwale-ọgwụgwọ (Fig. 1B). Osisi njikwa zuru oke (AC) dekwara ụkpụrụ kachasị elu maka genotype ọ bụla (440.65 mmol m-2s-1 maka F67 na 511.02 mmol m-2s-1 maka F2000). Osisi osikapa etinyere na nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ gosipụtara ụkpụrụ gs kacha ala maka genotypes abụọ (150.60 mmol m-2s-1 maka F67 na 171.32 mmol m-2s-1 maka F2000). Ọgwụgwọ foliar na ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi abawanyela g. Na osisi osikapa F2000 ejiri CC fesa, mmetụta nke ịfesa foliar na phytohormones pụtara ìhè karịa. Otu osisi a egosighi ihe dị iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi njikwa zuru oke (AC 511.02 na CC 499.25 mmol m-2s-1).
Ọnụ ọgụgụ 1. Mmetụta nke nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara (40 ° / 30 ° C ụbọchị / abalị) na ihe ndị metụtara mmiri (RWC) (A), stomatal conductance (gs) (B), mmepụta malondialdehyde (MDA) (C), na proline. ọdịnaya . (D) n'ime osisi nke genotypes osikapa abụọ (F67 na F2000) na ụbọchị 55 ka ọ pụtachara (DAE). Ọgwụ ndị a na-enyocha maka genotype ọ bụla gụnyere: njikwa zuru oke (AC), njikwa nrụgide okpomọkụ (SC), nrụgide okpomọkụ + auxin (AUX), nrụgide okpomọkụ + gibberellin (GA), nrụgide okpomọkụ + cell mitogen (CK), na nrụgide okpomọkụ + brassinosteroid. . (BR). Kọlụm ọ bụla na-anọchi anya njehie ọkọlọtọ ± nke isi data ise (n = 5). Ogidi ndị na-eso mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche na-egosi ọdịiche pụtara ìhè dị ka ule Tukey siri dị (P ≤ 0.05). Akwụkwọ ozi nwere akara nhata na-egosi na ihe ọ pụtara adịghị mkpa na mkpokọta (≤ 0.05).
MDA (P ≤ 0.01) na proline (P ≤ 0.01) ọdịnaya gosikwara nnukwu ọdịiche dị na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nnwale na ọgwụgwọ phytohormone (Fig. 1C, D). A na-ahụ mmụba nke lipid peroxidation site na ọgwụgwọ SC na genotypes abụọ (Onyonyo 1C), Otú ọ dị, osisi a na-emeso ya na akwụkwọ na-eto eto na-agba agba gosiri mbelata peroxidation lipid na genotypes abụọ; N'ozuzu, iji phytohormones (CA, AUC, BR ma ọ bụ GA) na-eduga na mbelata nke peroxidation lipid (ọdịnaya MDA). Achọpụtaghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti osisi AC nke genotypes abụọ na osisi ndị nọ n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ ma fesaa ya na phytohormones (ụkpụrụ FW na osisi "F67" sitere na 4.38-6.77 µmol g-1, na na FW "F2000" osisi "ụkpụrụ a na-ahụ anya." sitere na 2.84 ruo 9.18 μmol g-1 (osisi). proline synthesis na "F67" osisi dị ala karịa na "F2000" osisi n'okpuru jikọtara nrụgide, nke mere ka mmụba nke proline mmepụta na osisi osikapa na-ekpo ọkụ, na abụọ nnwale, a hụrụ na nchịkwa nke hormones ndị a nke ukwuu ọdịnaya amino acid nke osisi F2000 (AUX na BR bụ 30.44 na 18.34 μmol g-1) n'otu n'otu (Fig. 1G).
A na-egosi mmetụta nke foliar plant growth regulator spray na ngwakọta okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na njedebe nkwụsịtụ (RTI) na ọnụ ọgụgụ 2A na B. Maka genotypes abụọ ahụ, okpomọkụ nke osisi AC dị nso na 27 ° C, na nke ahụ. Osisi SC dị gburugburu 28 Celsius. NA. A hụkwara na ọgwụgwọ foliar na CK na BR butere mbelata 2–3 Celsius C na okpomoku mkpuchi ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi SC (Njirimara 2A). RTI gosipụtara omume yiri nke ahụ na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke physiological, na-egosi ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama (P ≤ 0.01) na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nnwale na ọgwụgwọ (Nyocha 2B). Osisi SC gosipụtara nnabata ihe ọkụkụ dị ala na genotypes (34.18% na 33.52% maka osisi osikapa "F67" na "F2000", n'otu n'otu). Inye nri foliar nke phytohormones na-eme ka RTI dị mma n'ime osisi ndị nwere nrụgide okpomọkụ dị elu. Mmetụta a pụtara karịa na osisi "F2000" nke a na-efesa na CC, nke RTI bụ 97.69. N'aka nke ọzọ, a hụrụ ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama naanị na ntinye nrụgide mkpụrụ osisi (CSI) nke osisi osikapa n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide nke foliar factor (P ≤ 0.01) (Fig. 2B). Naanị osisi osikapa nwere nrụgide okpomọkụ dị mgbagwoju anya gosipụtara uru nhụsianya kachasị elu (0.816). Mgbe a na-eji ụdị phytohormon dị iche iche fesa osisi osikapa, ndepụta nrụgide dị ala (ụkpụrụ sitere na 0.6 ruo 0.67). N'ikpeazụ, osisi osikapa toro n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma nwere uru 0.138.
Ọnụọgụ 2. Mmetụta nke nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ (40 ° / 30 ° C ụbọchị / abalị) na ikpo ọkụ (A), ihe nrịbama ndidi (RTI) (B), na ihe nrịbama ihe ọkụkụ (CSI) (C) nke ụdị osisi abụọ. . A na-edozi genotypes osikapa azụmahịa (F67 na F2000) na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ọgwụ ndị a na-enyocha maka genotype ọ bụla gụnyere: njikwa zuru oke (AC), njikwa nrụgide okpomọkụ (SC), nrụgide okpomọkụ + auxin (AUX), nrụgide okpomọkụ + gibberellin (GA), nrụgide okpomọkụ + cell mitogen (CK), na nrụgide okpomọkụ + brassinosteroid. . (BR). Nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ gụnyere ikpughe osisi osikapa na okpomọkụ ehihie na abalị (40 Celsius/30 Celsius C ụbọchị / abalị). Kọlụm ọ bụla na-anọchi anya njehie ọkọlọtọ ± nke isi data ise (n = 5). Ogidi ndị na-eso mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche na-egosi ọdịiche pụtara ìhè dị ka ule Tukey siri dị (P ≤ 0.05). Akwụkwọ ozi nwere akara nhata na-egosi na ihe ọ pụtara adịghị mkpa na mkpokọta (≤ 0.05).
Isi ihe nyocha nke isi (PCA) kpughere na mgbanwe ndị a tụlere na 55 DAE kọwara 66.1% nke nzaghachi physiological na biochemical nke osisi osikapa na-ekpo ọkụ na-emeso ya na onye na-ahụ maka uto uto (Fig 3). Vectors na-anọchi anya mgbanwe na ntụpọ na-anọchi anya ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi (GR). Vectors nke gs, ọdịnaya chlorophyll, arụmọrụ kachasị nke PSII (Fv/Fm) na paramita biochemical (TChl, MDA na proline) dị nso na mmalite, na-egosi njikọ dị elu n'etiti omume physiological nke osisi na ha. mgbanwe. Otu otu (V) gụnyere mkpụrụ osisi osikapa toro na ezigbo okpomọkụ (AT) na osisi F2000 ejiri CK na BA gwọọ ya. N'otu oge ahụ, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime osisi ndị a na-emeso ya na GR guzobere otu dị iche iche (IV), na ọgwụgwọ GA na F2000 kpụrụ otu iche (II). N'ụzọ dị iche, mkpụrụ osisi osikapa na-ekpo ọkụ (otu I na III) na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke foliar spray nke phytohormones (ma genotypes bụ SC) dị na mpaghara megidere otu V, na-egosipụta mmetụta nrụgide okpomọkụ na physiology osisi. .
Ọnụọgụ 3. Nyocha akụkọ ndụ nke mmetụta nke nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara (40 ° / 30 ° C ụbọchị / abalị) na osisi nke mkpụrụ ndụ osikapa abụọ (F67 na F2000) na 55 ụbọchị mgbe mmalite (DAE). Mbiri: AC F67, njikwa zuru oke F67; SC F67, njikwa nrụgide okpomọkụ F67; AUX F67, nrụgide okpomọkụ + auxin F67; GA F67, nrụgide okpomọkụ + gibberellin F67; CK F67, nrụgide okpomọkụ + nkewa cell BR F67, nrụgide okpomọkụ + brassinosteroid. F67; AC F2000, njikwa zuru oke F2000; SC F2000, njikwa nrụgide okpomọkụ F2000; AUX F2000, nrụgide okpomọkụ + auxin F2000; GA F2000, nrụgide okpomọkụ + gibberellin F2000; CK F2000, nrụgide okpomọkụ + cytokinin, BR F2000, nrụgide okpomọkụ + steroid brass; F2000.
Mgbanwe dị ka ọdịnaya chlorophyll, omume stomatal, Fv / Fm ratio, CSI, MDA, RTI na ọdịnaya proline nwere ike inyere aka ịghọta mmegharị nke genotypes osikapa ma nyochaa mmetụta nke agronomic atụmatụ n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ (Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero- Calderon et al., 2021). Ebumnuche nke nnwale a bụ iji nyochaa mmetụta nke ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto anọ na physiological na biochemical parameters nke mkpụrụ osisi osikapa n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Nnwale mkpụrụ osisi bụ usoro dị mfe na ngwa ngwa maka ntule n'otu oge nke osisi osikapa dabere na nha ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ akụrụngwa dịnụ (Sarsu et al. 2018). Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a gosipụtara na nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ na-eme ka mmeghachi omume physiological na biochemical dị iche iche na ụdị osikapa abụọ, na-egosi usoro mgbanwe. Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosikwa na sprays foliar growth regulator sprays (karịsịa cytokinins na brassinosteroids) na-enyere osikapa aka ime mgbanwe na nrụgide okpomọkụ dị mgbagwoju anya ka ihu ọma na-emetụta gs, RWC, Fv/Fm ratio, photosynthetic pigments na proline ọdịnaya.
Ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-enyere aka melite ọnọdụ mmiri nke osisi osikapa n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ, nke nwere ike jikọta ya na nrụgide dị elu na obere okpomọkụ nke osisi. Ọmụmụ ihe a gosiri na n'etiti osisi "F2000" (ssceptible genotype) osisi, osikapa a na-emeso ya na CK ma ọ bụ BR nwere ụkpụrụ gs dị elu na ọnụ ala PCT karịa osisi ndị a na-emeso ya na SC. Nnyocha ndị gara aga egosiwokwa na gs na PCT bụ ihe ngosi physiological ziri ezi nke nwere ike ikpebi nzaghachi mgbanwe nke osisi osikapa na mmetụta nke usoro agronomic na nrụgide okpomọkụ (Restrepo-Diaz na Garces-Varon, 2013; Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero ). -Carr DeLong et al., 2021). Akwụkwọ CK ma ọ bụ BR kwalite g n'okpuru nrụgide n'ihi na hormones osisi ndị a nwere ike ịkwalite oghere stomatal site na mmekọrịta synthetic na ihe ndị ọzọ na-egosi akara dị ka ABA (onye na-akwalite mmechi stomatal n'okpuru nrụgide abiotic) (Macková et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013) . 2013). ). , 2014). Imeghe stomatal na-akwalite oyi nke akwụkwọ ma na-enyere aka belata okpomọkụ nke mkpuchi (Sonjaroon et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). N'ihi ihe ndị a, ọnyà okpomọkụ nke osisi osikapa agbasara na CK ma ọ bụ BR nwere ike ịdị ala n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ.
Nchegbu dị elu nwere ike ibelata ọdịnaya pigmenti fotoynthetic nke akwụkwọ (Chen et al., 2017; Ahammed et al., 2018). N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, mgbe osisi osikapa nọ n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ ma ghara ịgbasa ya na ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi ọ bụla, fotoynthetic pigments na-ebelata na genotypes abụọ (Table 2). Feng et al. (2013) kọkwara mbelata dị ukwuu na ọdịnaya chlorophyll na akwụkwọ nke genotypes ọka wit abụọ kpughere na nrụgide okpomọkụ. Ngosipụta na okpomọkụ dị elu na-ebutekarị mbelata ọdịnaya chlorophyll, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata chlorophyll biosynthesis, mmebi nke pigmenti, ma ọ bụ mmetụta ha jikọtara n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ (Fahad et al., 2017). Agbanyeghị, osisi osikapa ejiri CK na BA na-emeso ya na-abawanye mkpokọta nke pigmenti foto synthetic nke akwụkwọ n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ. Jespersen and Huang (2015) na Suchsagunpanit et al kọkwara nsonaazụ yiri ya. (2015), onye hụrụ mmụba nke ọdịnaya chlorophyll leaf na-eso ntinye nke zeatin na hormones epibrassinosteroid na bentgrass na osikapa na-ekpo ọkụ, n'otu n'otu. Nkọwa ezi uche dị na ya maka ihe kpatara CK na BR ji akwalite ụbara ọdịnaya chlorophyll leaf n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ bụ na CK nwere ike ịkwalite mmalite nke nnabata nke ndị na-akwalite nkwupụta okwu (dị ka onye na-akwalite senescence-activating (SAG12) ma ọ bụ onye na-akwalite HSP18) ma belata mfu chlorophyll. na epupụta. , igbu oge akwụkwọ senescence ma na-abawanye iguzogide ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpo ọkụ (Liu et al., 2020). BR nwere ike ichekwa chlorophyll akwukwo ma bulie ọdịnaya chlorophyll akwukwo site na ịgbalite ma ọ bụ kpalite njikọ nke enzymes gụnyere chlorophyll biosynthesis n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide (Sharma et al., 2017; Siddiqui et al., 2018). N'ikpeazụ, abụọ phytohormones (CK na BR) na-akwalite nkwupụta nke protein ujo ma melite usoro mgbanwe mgbanwe metabolic dị iche iche, dị ka ụbara chlorophyll biosynthesis (Sharma et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2020).
Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters na-enye usoro ngwa ngwa na nke na-adịghị emebi emebi nke nwere ike nyochaa nnabata osisi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na ọnọdụ nrụgide abiotic (Chaerle et al. 2007; Kalaji et al. 2017). A na-eji ihe ndị dị ka Fv/Fm ratio dị ka ihe na-egosi mgbanwe osisi na ọnọdụ nrụgide (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017; Chavez-Arias et al. 2020). N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, osisi SC gosipụtara ụkpụrụ dị ala nke mgbanwe a, ọkachasị osisi osikapa "F2000". Yin et al. (2010) chọpụtakwara na oke Fv/Fm nke akwụkwọ osikapa na-akụ ọka kacha elu belatara nke ukwuu na okpomọkụ karịrị 35°C. Dị ka Feng et al. (2013), Fv / Fm dị ala n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ike na-akpali akpali na ngbanwe site na ụlọ ọrụ mmeghachi omume PSII na-ebelata, na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ nzaghachi PSII na-agbasa n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ. Nlebanya a na-enye anyị ohere ikwubi na ọgba aghara dị na ngwa fotoynthetic na-apụtakarị n'ụdị dị nro (Fedearroz 2000) karịa n'ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ (Fedearroz 67).
Ojiji nke CK ma ọ bụ BR n'ozuzu kwalitere arụmọrụ nke PSII n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide okpomọkụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Enwetara nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ site n'aka Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), onye hụrụ na ngwa BR mụbara arụmọrụ nke PSII n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ na osikapa. Kumar et al. (2020) chọpụtakwara na osisi chickpea ejiri CK (6-benzyladenine) emeso ya na nrụgide okpomọkụ mụbara ogo Fv / Fm, na-ekwubi na ngwa foliar nke CK site na ịgbalite okirikiri pigmenti zeaxanthin kwalitere ọrụ PSII. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, BR leaf spray kwadoro PSII photosynthesis n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide jikọtara ọnụ, na-egosi na ntinye nke phytohormone a mere ka mbelata mgbasa nke ike mkpali nke antennae PSII ma kwalite nchịkọta nke obere protein ujo na chloroplasts (Ogweno et al. 2008; Kothari na Lachowitz). , 2021).
MDA na ọdịnaya proline na-abawanye mgbe osisi nọ n'okpuru nrụgide abiotic tụnyere osisi ndị toro n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017). Nnyocha ndị gara aga egosiwokwa na ọkwa MDA na proline bụ ihe ngosi biochemical nke enwere ike iji ghọta usoro mgbanwe ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke agronomic omume na osikapa n'okpuru ehihie ma ọ bụ n'abalị dị elu okpomọkụ (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Quintero-Calderón et al. al., 2021). Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a gosikwara na MDA na ọdịnaya proline na-adịkarị elu na osisi osikapa ekpughere na okpomọkụ dị elu n'abalị ma ọ bụ n'ehihie, n'otu n'otu. Agbanyeghị, ịgbasa foliar nke CK na BR nyere aka na mbelata na MDA yana mmụba na ọkwa proline, ọkachasị na genotype nke nnabata (Federroz 67). CK ịgba nwere ike ịkwalite oke cytokinin oxidase / dehydrogenase, si otú ahụ na-abawanye ọdịnaya nke ogige nchebe dị ka betaine na proline (Liu et al., 2020). BR na-akwalite ntinye nke osmoprotectants dị ka betaine, sugars, na amino acid (gụnyere proline efu), na-ejigide nguzozi osmotic cellular n'okpuru ọtụtụ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ọjọọ (Kothari na Lachowiec, 2021).
A na-eji ndenye nrụgide ihe ubi (CSI) na ntụle nnabata ikwu (RTI) iji chọpụta ma ọgwụgwọ ndị a na-enyocha na-enyere aka belata nrụgide dị iche iche (abiotic na biotic) ma nwee mmetụta dị mma na physiology osisi (Castro-Duque et al., 2020; Chavez -Arias et al., 2020). Ụkpụrụ CSI nwere ike ịdị site na 0 ruo 1, na-anọchite anya ọnọdụ enweghị nchekasị na nchekasị, n'otu n'otu (Lee et al., 2010). Ụkpụrụ CSI nke osisi ndị na-ekpo ọkụ (SC) sitere na 0.8 ruo 0.9 (Nyocha 2B), na-egosi na osisi osikapa na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma site na nrụgide jikọtara ọnụ. Agbanyeghị, ịgbasa foliar nke BC (0.6) ma ọ bụ CK (0.6) butere mbelata na ngosipụta a n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide abiotic ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi osikapa SC. Na osisi F2000, RTI gosipụtara mmụba dị elu mgbe ị na-eji CA (97.69%) na BC (60.73%) tụnyere SA (33.52%), na-egosi na ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi na-enyekwa aka melite nzaghachi nke osikapa na nnabata nke ihe mejupụtara. Ikpo oke ọkụ. Atụpụtala indices ndị a iji jikwaa ọnọdụ nrụgide n'ụdị dị iche iche. Ọmụmụ nke Lee et al. (2010) gosiri na CSI nke ụdị owu abụọ dị n'okpuru nrụgide mmiri na-agafeghị oke dị ihe dị ka 0.85, ebe ụkpụrụ CSI nke ụdị mmiri gbara mmiri nke ọma sitere na 0.4 ruo 0.6, na-ekwubi na ndepụta a bụ ihe na-egosi mmegharị mmiri nke ụdị dị iche iche. . ọnọdụ nrụgide. Ọzọkwa, Chavez-Arias et al. (2020) enyochala ịdị irè nke elicitors sịntetik dị ka usoro nlekọta nchekasị zuru oke na osisi C. elegans wee chọpụta na osisi ndị a na-efesa na ogige ndị a gosipụtara RTI dị elu (65%). Dabere na nke a dị n'elu, enwere ike ịtụle CK na BR dị ka atụmatụ agronomic nke na-achọ ịbawanye nnabata nke osikapa na nrụgide okpomọkụ dị mgbagwoju anya, ebe ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi na-ebute nzaghachi biochemical na physiological dị mma.
N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, nchọpụta osikapa na Colombia lekwasịrị anya na nyochaa genotypes na-anabata oke okpomọkụ nke ehihie ma ọ bụ abalị site na iji àgwà physiological ma ọ bụ biochemical (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2021). Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, nyocha nke nkà na ụzụ bara uru, nke akụ na ụba na nke na-erite uru aghọwo ihe dị mkpa na-atụ aro njikwa ihe ọkụkụ jikọtara ọnụ iji meziwanye mmetụta nke oge mgbagwoju anya nke nrụgide okpomọkụ na mba ahụ (Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero Calderon et al., 2021). Ya mere, nzaghachi physiological na biochemical nke osisi osikapa na nrụgide okpomọkụ dị mgbagwoju anya (40 ° C ụbọchị / 30 Celsius C n'abalị) a hụrụ n'ọmụmụ ihe a na-atụ aro na foliar spraying na CK ma ọ bụ BR nwere ike ịbụ usoro nlekọta ihe ọkụkụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji belata mmetụta ọjọọ. Mmetụta nke oge nrụgide okpomọkụ na-agafeghị oke. Ọgwụgwọ ndị a kwalitere nnabata nke genotypes osikapa (CSI dị ala na RTI dị elu), na-egosipụta usoro n'ozuzu na nzaghachi physiological osisi na biochemical n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ. Nzaghachi bụ isi nke osisi osikapa bụ mbelata ọdịnaya nke GC, mkpokọta chlorophyll, chlorophylls α na β na carotenoids. Na mgbakwunye, osisi na-ata ahụhụ site na mmebi PSII (mbelata chlorophyll fluorescence parameters dị ka Fv/Fm ratio) yana mmụba nke peroxidation lipid. N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe a na-emeso osikapa na CK na BR, a na-ebelata mmetụta ndị a na-adịghị mma na ọdịnaya proline mụbara (Fig 4).
Ọgụgụ 4. Ụdị echiche nke mmetụta nke nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ na onye na-ahụ maka uto osisi foliar na-efesa osisi osikapa. Uhie na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi mmetụta ọjọọ ma ọ bụ dị mma nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide okpomọkụ na ngwa foliar nke BR (brassinosteroid) na CK (cytokinin) na nzaghachi physiological na biochemical, n'otu n'otu. gs: omume stomatal; ngụkọta Chl: mkpokọta chlorophyll ọdịnaya; Chl α: chlorophyll β ọdịnaya; Cx + c: ọdịnaya carotenoid;
Na nchịkọta, nzaghachi physiological na biochemical na ọmụmụ a na-egosi na Fedearroz 2000 osikapa osisi na-enwekarị ike ịnweta oge mgbagwoju anya okpomọkụ karịa Fedearroz 67 osisi osikapa. Ndị na-ahụ maka uto niile a tụlere n'ọmụmụ ihe a (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ma ọ bụ brassinosteroids) gosipụtara n'ókè ụfọdụ nke mbelata nrụgide okpomọkụ jikọtara ọnụ. Agbanyeghị, cytokinin na brassinosteroids butere mmegharị osisi ka mma ka ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi na-abawanye ọdịnaya chlorophyll, paramita alpha-chlorophyll fluorescence, gs na RWC ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi osikapa na-enweghị ngwa ọ bụla, ma belata ọdịnaya MDA na oke okpomọkụ. Na nchịkọta, anyị kwubiri na iji ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto (cytokinins na brassinosteroids) bụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru iji jikwaa ọnọdụ nrụgide na osikapa osikapa na-akpata site na nrụgide okpomọkụ siri ike n'oge oge okpomọkụ dị elu.
Ihe mbụ ewepụtara n'ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gụnyere isiokwu ahụ, enwere ike ịduzi ajụjụ ndị ọzọ na onye edemede kwekọrọ.