Ọ bụ ezie na nematodes ihe ọkụkụ bụ nke ihe ize ndụ nematode, ha abụghị pests osisi, kama ọrịa osisi.
nematode mgbọrọgwụ-knot (Meloidogyne) bụ ihe ọkụkụ parasitic nematode kacha kesara na nke na-emerụ ahụ n'ụwa.A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 2000 n'ụwa, gụnyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile a na-akọ, na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu maka ọrịa nematode mgbọrọgwụ-knot.Mgbọrọgwụ-njikọ nematodes ife efe ndị ọbịa mgbọrọgwụ anụ ahụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-etolite etuto ahụ, na-emetụta absorption nke mmiri na nri, dapụtara na stunted osisi ibu, dwarfing, yellowing, akpọnwụ, akwukwo curl, mkpụrụ nrụrụ, na ọbụna ọnwụ nke dum osisi, na-akpata Mbelata ihe ọkụkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nchịkwa ọrịa nematode bụ ihe na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ ọrụ nchebe osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha.nematode soybean bụ ihe dị mkpa kpatara mbelata mmepụta soybean na Brazil, United States na mba ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na-ebupụ soybean.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezie na etinyere ụfọdụ ụzọ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ usoro ọrụ ugbo na njikwa ọrịa nematode, dị ka: nyocha ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ, iji mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ, ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ, nkwalite ala, wdg, ụzọ nchịkwa kachasị mkpa ka bụ njikwa kemikal ma ọ bụ ndu akara.
Usoro nke mgbọrọgwụ-njikọ edinam
Akụkọ ndụ nke mgbọrọgwụ nematode nwere akwa, nwa mbụ nke mbụ, nwa ahuhu nke abụọ, nwa oge nke atọ, nwa ahuhu nke anọ na okenye.Larva dị obere dị ka irighiri, onye toro eto bụ heteromorphic, nwoke bụ linear, na nwanyị nwere ụdị ube.Nke abụọ instar larvae nwere ike ịkwaga na mmiri nke ala pores, chọọ mgbọrọgwụ nke usu osisi site mmetụta alleles nke isi, wakpoo ulo oru osisi site ịkpọpuo na epidermis si elongation ebe nke usu mgbọrọgwụ, na mgbe ahụ na-ejegharị site. oghere intercellular, gaa n'ọnụ mgbọrọgwụ, wee rute meristem nke mgbọrọgwụ.Mgbe larvae instar nke abụọ rutere na meristem nke mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ, larvae laghachiri na ntụziaka nke ngwugwu vaskụla wee rute ebe mmepe xylem.N'ebe a, larvae nke abụọ nke abụọ jiri agịga ọnụ gbuo mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọbịa ma tinye ihe nzuzo nke esophageal n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ mgbọrọgwụ.Auxin na enzymes dị iche iche dị na nzuzo nzuzo nke esophageal nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọbịa gbanwee n'ime "nnukwu mkpụrụ ndụ" nke nwere multinucleated nuclei, ọgaranya na suborganelles na ike metabolism.Mkpụrụ ndụ cortical gburugburu nnukwu mkpụrụ ndụ na-amụba ma na-eto ma na-eto eto n'okpuru mmetụta nke nnukwu mkpụrụ ndụ, na-akpụ akara ngosi nke nodules mgbọrọgwụ n'elu mgbọrọgwụ.Larvae instar nke abụọ na-eji nnukwu mkpụrụ ndụ dị ka ebe nri na-amịkọrọ nri na mmiri ma ghara ịkwaga.N'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, larvae nke abụọ nke abụọ nwere ike ime ka onye ọbịa ahụ mepụta nnukwu mkpụrụ ndụ 24 h mgbe ọrịa ahụ gasịrị, ma ghọọ ikpuru ndị toro eto mgbe moults atọ gasịrị n'ime ụbọchị 20 na-esote.Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụmụ nwoke na-akwaga ma hapụ mgbọrọgwụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-anọgide na-eguzo ma nọgide na-etolite, na-amalite ịkwa akwa n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị 28.Mgbe okpomọkụ dị n'elu 10 ℃, nsen na-ekpu na mgbọrọgwụ nodule, nke mbụ instar larvae n'ime àkwá, nke abụọ instar larvae akuakuzinwo si na àkwá, hapụ onye ọbịa na ala ọzọ ọrịa.
nematodes mgbọrọgwụ-knot nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa, nke nwere ike ịbụ parasitic na ihe karịrị ụdị 3 000 nke ndị ọbịa, dị ka akwụkwọ nri, ihe ọkụkụ nri, mkpụrụ ego, osisi mkpụrụ osisi, osisi ịchọ mma na ahịhịa.Mgbọrọgwụ nke akwụkwọ nri emetụta mgbọrọgwụ eriri nematodes mbụ etolite nodules nke dị iche iche nha, nke bụ milky na-acha ọcha na mmalite na icha mmirimmiri aja aja na mgbe e mesịrị ogbo.Mgbe ọrịa na-akpata nematode mgbọrọgwụ-node, osisi ndị dị n'ime ala dị mkpụmkpụ, alaka ya na akwụkwọ ya na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ na-acha odo odo, na-eto eto, agba akwụkwọ ahụ dị ọkụ, na-eto eto nke osisi ndị na-arịa ọrịa siri ike adịghị ike, osisi ndị ahụ dị ntakịrị. na-akpọnwụ n'oké ọkọchị, osisi ahụ dum wee nwụọ n'ike.Na mgbakwunye, iwu nke nzaghachi agbachitere, mmetụta mgbochi na mmebi akụrụngwa nke anụ ahụ sitere na nematodes mgbọrọgwụ na-eme ka mwakpo nke nje ndị sitere n'ala dị ka fusarium wilt na nje nje na-ere ere, si otú a na-etolite ọrịa dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-akpata nnukwu mfu.
Usoro mgbochi na njikwa
Enwere ike kewaa linecides omenala n'ime fumigants na ndị na-abụghị fumigants dịka ụzọ dị iche iche eji eme ihe.
Ihe na-egbu egbu
Ọ gụnyere halogenated hydrocarbons na isothiocyanates, na ndị na-abụghị fumigants gụnyere organophosphorus na carbamate.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, n'ime ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ ndị edebanyere aha na China, bromomethane (ihe na-emebi ozone, nke a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ machibido) na chloropicrin bụ ogige hydrocarbon halogenated, nke nwere ike igbochi njikọ protein na mmeghachi omume biochemical n'oge iku ume mgbọrọgwụ nematodes.Fumigants abụọ ahụ bụ methyl isothiocyanate, nke nwere ike iweda ma hapụ methyl isothiocyanate na obere ogige molekụla ndị ọzọ na ala.Methyl isothiocyanate nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ahụ mgbọrọgwụ nematode mgbọrọgwụ wee jikọta na ikuku oxygen na-ebu globulin, si otú a na-egbochi iku ume nke mgbọrọgwụ nematode iji nweta mmetụta na-egbu egbu.Na mgbakwunye, sulfuryl fluoride na calcium cyanamide ka edebanyela aha dị ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ maka njikwa mgbọrọgwụ knot nematodes na China.
E nwekwara ụfọdụ fumigants hydrocarbon halogenated na-edeghị aha na China, dị ka 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, wdg, ndị e debanyere aha na mba ụfọdụ dị na Europe na United States dị ka ihe nnọchi maka bromomethane.
Na-abụghị fumigant
Gụnyere organophosphorus na carbamate.N'ime lineicides ndị na-abụghị fumigated edebara aha na obodo anyị, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos na chlorpyrifos bụ nke organophosphorus, ebe carboxanil, aldicarb na carboxanil butathiocarb bụ nke carbamate.nematocides ndị na-abụghị fumigated na-akpaghasị ọrụ ụjọ usoro mgbọrọgwụ nematodes site na ijikọ acetylcholinesterase na synapses nke mgbọrọgwụ knot nematodes.Ha anaghị egbukarị nematodes knot mgbọrọgwụ, kama ọ bụ naanị na-eme ka mgbọrọgwụ knot nematodes ghara inwe ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ahụ wee bute ya, ya mere a na-akpọkarị ha "nematodes paralyzers".nematocides na-abụghị fumigated omenala bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke akwara akwara, nke nwere otu usoro ihe omume na vertebrates na arthropods dị ka nematodes.Ya mere, n'okpuru ihe mgbochi nke gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mba ndị mepere emepe nke ụwa ebelatala ma ọ bụ kwụsị mmepe nke organophosphorus na carbamate ụmụ ahụhụ, ma tụgharịa na mmepe nke ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-arụ ọrụ ọhụrụ dị elu na nke dị ala.N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, n'etiti ụmụ ahụhụ ọhụrụ na-abụghị carbamate / organophosphorus nke nwetara ndebanye aha EPA bụ spiralate ethyl (edebanyere aha na 2010), difluorosulfone (edebanye aha na 2014) na fluopyramide (edebanye aha na 2015).
Ma n'ezie, n'ihi oke nsi na-egbu egbu, mmachi nke organophosphorus pesticides, ọ dịghị ọtụtụ nematocides dị ugbu a.371 nematocides debanyere aha na China, nke 161 bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ abamectin na 158 bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ thiazophos.Ihe abụọ a na-arụ ọrụ bụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka nchịkwa nematode na China.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ dịghị ọtụtụ nematocides ọhụrụ, n'ime nke fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone na fluopyramide bụ ndị ndú.Na mgbakwunye, n'ihe gbasara biopesticides, Penicillium paraclavidum na Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 nke Kono debanyere aha nwekwara ike ahịa siri ike.
Patent zuru ụwa ọnụ maka njikwa mgbọrọgwụ soybean nematode
nematode mgbọrọgwụ soybean bụ otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara mbelata mkpụrụ soybean na mba ndị na-ebupụ soybean, ọkachasị United States na Brazil.
Ngụkọta ikike nchekwa ihe ọkụkụ 4287 metụtara nematodes mgbọrọgwụ soybean ka agbaala akwụkwọ n'ụwa niile n'ime afọ iri gara aga.nematode mgbọrọgwụ soybean nke ụwa na-etinyekarị maka patent na mpaghara na mba, nke mbụ bụ European Bureau, nke abụọ bụ China, na United States, ebe ebe kachasị njọ nke soybean root-knot nematode, Brazil, nwere naanị 145. ngwa patent.Ọtụtụ n'ime ha sikwa na ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, abamectin na phosphine thiazole bụ isi ihe na-achịkwa nematodes mgbọrọgwụ na China.Na ngwaahịa fluopyramide enwetara ikike amalitela ịtọpụ ya.
Avermectin
N'afọ 1981, ewebatara abamectin n'ahịa ka ọ bụrụ ihe nchịkwa megide nje nje eriri afọ na anụ mammals, na na 1985 dị ka ọgwụ pesticide.Avermectin bụ otu n'ime ọgwụ ahụhụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe taa.
Phosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nke sara mbara nke na-abụghị fumigated organophosphorus ụmụ ahụhụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Ishihara na Japan mepụtara, etinyekwara ya n'ahịa n'ọtụtụ mba dị ka Japan.Ọmụmụ izizi egosila na phosphine thiazolium nwere endosorption na mbugharị na osisi ma nwee nnukwu ọrụ dị iche iche megide nematodes parasitic na pests.nematodes ihe ọkụkụ na-emerụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa, yana ihe ndị dị ndụ na nke anụ ahụ na kemịkal nke phosphine thiazole dabara adaba maka ngwa ala, yabụ na ọ bụ ezigbo onye nnọchi anya iji chịkwaa nematodes ahịhịa.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, phosphine thiazolium bụ otu n'ime nematocides edebanyere aha na akwụkwọ nri na China, ma nwee nnabata dị mma n'ime, yabụ enweghị ike iji ya chịkwaa nematodes na pests elu ala, kamakwa enwere ike ijikwa ahịhịa ahịhịa na akwukwo. elu pesti.Isi usoro nke phosphine thiazolides bụ igbochi acetylcholinesterase nke anụ ahụ ebumnuche, nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke nematode 2nd larval stage.Phosphine thiazole nwere ike igbochi ọrụ, mmebi na ịmịpụta nematodes, ya mere ọ nwere ike igbochi uto na mmeputakwa nke nematodes.
Fluopyramide
Fluopyramide bụ pyridyl ethyl benzamide fungicide, nke Bayer Cropscience mepụtara ma zụọ ahịa ya, nke ka dị n'oge patent.Fluopyramide nwere ụfọdụ ọrụ nematidal, ma edebanyela aha ya maka njikwa mgbọrọgwụ nematode na ihe ọkụkụ, ma ugbu a bụ nematicide na-ewu ewu karị.Usoro nke omume ya bụ igbochi iku ume mitochondrial site na igbochi nnyefe elektrọn nke succinic dehydrogenase na agbụ ume iku ume, ma gbochie ọtụtụ usoro nke uto nke nje bacteria iji nweta ebumnuche ịchịkwa nje bacteria.
Ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke fluropyramide na China ka nọ na oge patent.N'ime ngwa patent ngwa ya na nematodes, 3 sitere na Bayer, na 4 sitere na China, nke jikọtara ya na biostimulants ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ iji chịkwaa nematodes.N'ezie, ụfọdụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ n'ime oge patent nwere ike iji mee ụfọdụ nhazi patent tupu oge eruo iji jide ahịa.Dị ka ọmarịcha lepidoptera pests na thrips agent ethyl polycidin, ihe karịrị 70% nke akwụkwọ ikike ụlọ na-etinye maka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ.
Ọgwụ pesticides dị ndụ maka njikwa nematode
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, usoro nchịkwa ndu nke na-anọchi anya njikwa kemịkalụ mgbọrọgwụ nematodes enwetawo nlebara anya zuru ebe niile n'ụlọ na ná mba ọzọ.Kewapụ na nyocha nke microorganisms nwere ikike imegide nematodes mgbọrọgwụ bụ ọnọdụ bụ isi maka njikwa ndu.Isi ụdị nke a na-akọ na microorganisms na-emegide mgbọrọgwụ nematodes bụ Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus na Rhizobium.Myrothecium, Paecilomyces na Trichoderma, Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ microorganisms siri ike itinye mmetụta ha na-akpasu iwe na mgbọrọgwụ nematodes n'ihi ihe isi ike na omenala artificial ma ọ bụ mmetụta nchịkwa nke ndu na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'ọhịa.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus bụ nje nje na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma nke àkwá nke nematode mgbọrọgwụ-node na ndịda na Cystocystis albicans.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nje nje nke àkwá nke mgbọrọgwụ nematode nematode dị n'ebe ndịda dị elu dị ka 60% ~ 70%.Usoro mgbochi nke Paecilomyces lavviolaceus megide mgbọrọgwụ-knot nematodes bụ na mgbe Paecilomyces lavviolaceus na kọntaktị na line worm oocysts, na viscous mkpụrụ, mycelium nke biocontrol nje bacteria gbara akwa dum, na njedebe nke mycelium na-aghọ oké.A na-agbaji n'elu shea akwa n'ihi ọrụ nke metabolites na-apụ apụ na fungal chitinase, mgbe ahụ fungi na-awakpo ma dochie ya.Ọ nwekwara ike izopụta nsị na-egbu nematodes.Isi ọrụ ya bụ igbu akwa.Enwere ndebanye aha ọgwụ pesticide asatọ na China.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Paecilomyces lilaclavi enweghị ụdị usoro onunu ogwu maka ọrịre, mana nhazi patent ya na China nwere ikike ijikọ ya na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ iji bulie ọrụ ojiji.
Ewepụta ihe ọkụkụ
Enwere ike iji ihe ọkụkụ sitere n'okike mee ihe n'enweghị nsogbu maka njikwa mgbọrọgwụ nematode, na iji ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ ihe nematoidal nke osisi na-emepụta iji chịkwaa ọrịa mgbọrọgwụ nematode bụ ihe ndị a chọrọ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nri.
Akụkụ Nematoidal nke osisi dị na akụkụ ahụ niile nke osisi na enwere ike nweta ya site na distillation uzuoku, mmịpụta organic, nchịkọta nke nzuzo nzuzo, wdg. Dị ka chemical ha si dị, a na-ekewa ha n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na mmiri solubility ma ọ bụ organic solubility. na ogige organic na-agbanwe agbanwe, n'etiti nke ihe ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na-eme ka ọtụtụ ndị.Enwere ike iji akụkụ nematoidal nke ọtụtụ osisi mee ihe maka njikwa mgbọrọgwụ nematode mgbe mmịpụta dị mfe, na nchọpụta nke ihe ọkụkụ dị mfe ma e jiri ya tụnyere ogige ọhụrụ na-arụ ọrụ.Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere mmetụta ụmụ ahụhụ, ezigbo ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ ụmụ ahụhụ anaghị adịkarị.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, tii saponin na ndị ọzọ bụ isi ihe ọkụkụ na-ere ahịa na-ere ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na nematode, nke dị ole na ole, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe na mmepụta nke ihe mgbochi nematode site na ịbanye ma ọ bụ soro ya.
Ọ bụ ezie na nchikota nke ihe ọkụkụ iji chịkwaa mgbọrọgwụ nematode ga-eme ka mmetụta nchịkwa nematode dịkwuo mma, a kwadobeghị ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'oge ugbu a, ma ọ ka na-enye echiche ọhụrụ maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ iji chịkwaa mgbọrọgwụ nematode mgbọrọgwụ.
Bio-organic fatịlaịza
Igodo fatịlaịza bio-organic bụ ma microorganisms na-emegide ya nwere ike ịmụba na ala ma ọ bụ ala rhizosphere.Nsonaazụ gosiri na ngwa nke ụfọdụ organic ihe dị ka oporo na nshịkọ shells na mmanụ nri nwere ike ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè imezi ndu akara mmetụta nke mgbọrọgwụ eriri nematode.Iji teknụzụ gbaa ụka siri ike iji mee ka microorganism na-emegide ya na fatịlaịza organic iji mepụta fatịlaịza bio-organic bụ usoro njikwa ndu ọhụrụ iji chịkwaa ọrịa eriri nematode mgbọrọgwụ.
N'ime nyocha nke ịchịkwa nematodes akwukwo nri na fatịlaịza bio-organic, a chọpụtara na ụmụ nje ndị na-emegide nje na fatịlaịza bio-organic nwere mmetụta dị mma na-achịkwa nematodes mgbọrọgwụ, ọkachasị fatịlaịza organic nke sitere na gbaa ụka nke microorganisms na-emegide ya na fatịlaịza organic. site na teknụzụ siri ike gbaa ụka.
Otú ọ dị, mmetụta nchịkwa nke fatịlaịza organic na mgbọrọgwụ-knot nematodes nwere mmekọrịta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na oge eji eme ihe, na njikwa njikwa ya dị nnọọ obere karịa nke ọgwụ pesticide omenala, ọ na-esikwa ike ịzụ ahịa.
Agbanyeghị, dịka akụkụ nke njikwa ọgwụ na fatịlaịza, ọ ga-ekwe omume ijikwa nematodes site n'ịgbakwunye ọgwụ pesticides kemịkalụ na ijikọ mmiri na fatịlaịza.
Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke otu ụdị ihe ọkụkụ (dị ka nduku ụtọ, soybean, wdg) a kụrụ n'ụlọ na mba ọzọ, ihe omume nematode na-adịwanye njọ, njikwa nematode na-echekwa nnukwu ihe ịma aka ihu.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e mepụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ pesticide edebanyere aha na China tupu afọ 1980, na ogige ndị ọhụrụ na-arụ ọrụ ezughi oke.
Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere uru pụrụ iche na usoro eji eme ihe, ma ha adịghị arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ndị na-emepụta kemịkalụ, na ojiji ha na-ejedebe site na ihe dị iche iche.Site na ngwa ngwa patent dị mkpa, a pụrụ ịhụ na mmepe nke nematocides dị ugbu a ka dị gburugburu nchikota ngwaahịa ochie, mmepe nke biopesticides, na ntinye nke mmiri na fatịlaịza.
Oge nzipu: Mee-20-2024