Citrus, osisi nke ezinụlọ Arantioideae nke ezinụlọ Rutaceae, bụ otu n'ime ihe ọkụkụ kachasị mkpa n'ụwa, na-aza otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpokọta mkpụrụ osisi n'ụwa. Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị citrus, gụnyere citrus sara mbara, oroma, pomelo, mkpụrụ osisi grepu, lemon na lemon. N'ihe karịrị mba 140 na mpaghara, gụnyere China, Brazil na United States, ebe ihe ọkụkụ nke citrus ruru 10.5530 nde hm2, na mmepụta bụ 166.3030 nde tọn. China bụ mba kacha ibu citrus na-ere ahịa n'ụwa, n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye, na 2022, ebe ihe dị ka 3,033,500 hm2, mmepụta nke 6,039 nde tọn. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ citrus nke China buru ibu ma ọ dịghị ike, na United States na Brazil na mba ndị ọzọ nwere nnukwu oghere.
Citrus bụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi nke nwere mpaghara a na-akọkarị na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba kachasị mkpa na ndịda China, nke nwere ihe pụrụ iche maka mbelata ịda ogbenye ụlọ ọrụ na imegharị ime obodo. Site na nkwalite nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na mmata ahụike na mmepe nke mba ụwa na ịkọwapụta ụlọ ọrụ citrus, green na organic citrus ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aghọ ebe na-ekpo ọkụ maka oriri ndị mmadụ, na ọchịchọ maka ịdị elu dị elu, nke dịgasị iche iche na nke kwesịrị ekwesị kwa afọ na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye. Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, China si citrus ụlọ ọrụ na-emetụta eke ihe (okpomọkụ, ọdịda, ala àgwà), mmepụta technology (iche iche, cultivation technology, ugbo input) na management mode, na ihe ndị ọzọ, e nwere nsogbu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka iche nke ọma na ihe ọjọọ, ike na-adịghị ike iji gbochie ọrịa na pests, ika mmata na-adịghị ike, management mode bụ azụ azụ na siri ike n'oge mkpụrụ ire ere bụ. Iji kwalite akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmepe dị elu nke ụlọ ọrụ citrus, ọ dị ngwa iji mee ka nyocha dị iche iche dị iche iche dịkwuo mma, ụkpụrụ na nkà na ụzụ nke ịbelata ibu na mbelata ọgwụ, ịdị mma na ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Ọgwụ pesticides na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na usoro mmepụta nke citrus ma na-emetụta mkpụrụ na àgwà citrus ozugbo. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nhọrọ nke pesticides na citrus green mmepụta bụ ihe ịma aka karịa n'ihi oke ihu igwe na pests na ahịhịa.
Nnyocha e mere na nchekwa data ndebanye ọgwụ pesticide nke China Pesticide Information Network chọpụtara na n'August 24, 2023, enwere ngwaahịa pesticide 3,243 edebara aha na steeti dị irè na citrus na China. E nwere 1515ọgwụ nje, na-aza 46.73% nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pesticides edebanyere aha. Enwere 684 acaricides, na-aza 21.09%; 537 fungicides, na-aza 16.56%; 475 ahịhịa ahịhịa, na-aza 14.65%; Ha dị 132ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisibụ 4.07 % taa. A na-ekewa toxicity nke pesticides na mba anyị na ọkwa 5 site na elu ruo na ala: oke egbu egbu, oke egbu egbu, ihe na-egbu egbu, obere nsị na obere nsị. Enwere ngwaahịa ndị na-egbu egbu 541, na-aza 16.68% nke mkpokọta ọgwụ pesticide edebanyere aha. Enwere ngwaahịa 2,494 dị ala na-egbu egbu, na-aza 76.90% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ pesticide edebanyere aha. Enwere ngwaahịa 208 dị nro na-egbu egbu, na-aza 6.41% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ pesticide edebanyere aha.
1. Ọnọdụ ndebanye aha nke citrus pesticides / acaricides
Enwere ụdị 189 nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-eji na citrus na China, nke 69 bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ otu dose na 120 bụ ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ agwakọta. Ọnụọgụ ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ debara aha dị elu karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ, ngụkọta 1,515. N'ime ha, a na-edebanye aha ngwaahịa 994 n'otu dose, na n'elu 5 pesticides bụ acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), mmanụ ịnweta (53) na ethozole (51), na-aza 29.70%. A gwakọtara ngụkọta nke ngwaahịa 521, yana ọgwụ pesticide 5 kacha elu na ọnụọgụ edebanyere aha bụ actinospirin (ngwaahịa 52), actinospirin (ngwaahịa 35), actinospirin (ngwaahịa 31), actinospirin (ngwaahịa 31) na dihydrazide (ngwaahịa 28), na-aza 11.68%. Dị ka a na-ahụ na tebụl 2, n'etiti ngwaahịa 1515 edebanyere aha, e nwere ụdị doses 19, nke 3 kachasị elu bụ ngwaahịa emulsion (653), ngwaahịa nkwusioru (518) na powders wettable (169), na-aza ngụkọta nke 88.45%.
Enwere ụdị 83 nke acaricides na-arụ ọrụ nke a na-eji na-emepụta citrus, gụnyere ụdị 24 nke otu ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ụdị 59 agwakọta ihe. A na-edebanye aha ngwaahịa acaricidal 684 (nke abụọ bụ naanị ụmụ ahụhụ), nke 476 bụ otu ndị ọrụ, dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 3. Ihe kachasị 4 pesticides na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pesticides edebanyere aha bụ acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) na phenylbutin . A gwakọtara ngụkọta nke ngwaahịa 208, yana ọgwụ nje 4 kacha elu na ọnụọgụ edebanyere aha bụ aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mmanụ mineral (15), na Aviculin · mmanụ ala (13), na-aza 10.67%. N'ime ngwaahịa 684 edebanyere aha, enwere ụdị usoro onunu ogwu 11, nke 3 kachasị elu bụ ngwaahịa emulsion (330), ngwaahịa nkwusioru (198) na powders wettable (124), na-aza 95.32% na mkpokọta.
Ụdị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ / acaricidal otu dose usoro (ma e wezụga onye na-akwụsịtụ, microemulsion, emulsion kwụsịtụrụ na emulsion aqueous) karịrị ndị agwakọta. Enwere ụdị 18 nke usoro otu dose na ụdị 9 nke ngwakọta agwakọta. Enwere 11 otu dose na ụdị ọgwụgwọ agwakọta 5 nke acaricides. Ihe njikwa nke ụmụ ahụhụ agwakọtara bụ Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (udide ududo), Gall mite (akọrọ nchara, ududo nchara), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphid), bara uru na-efe efe, Macmidae (orange aphirand), aphirand aphin. (onye na-egwuputa akwukwo), ogwu (akwukwo isi awọ) na ndi ozo. Isi ihe na-achịkwa otu dose bụ Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (udide ududo), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), ijiji bara uru (Tangeridaeafleers), Tangeridaeafflee leafleafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), na Longicidae (Longicidae). Na pests ndị ọzọ. Ihe nchịkwa nke acaricides edebanyere aha bụ tumadi àjà phyllodidae (ududo uhie), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), nla miner akwukwo (onye na-egwuputa akwukwo), pall mite (nchara nchara), aphid (aphids) na so. Site na ụdị ọgwụ pesticides edebanyere aha na acaricides bụ ọgwụ pesticides kemịkalụ, ụdị 60 na 21, n'otu n'otu. Enwere naanị ụdị 9 sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ na ịnweta ịnweta, gụnyere neem (2) na matrine (3) sitere na ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, na Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) na avermectin (103) sitere na isi mmalite microbial. Ebe a na-enweta mineral bụ mmanụ ịnweta (62), ngwakọta sulfur nkume (7), na ụdị ndị ọzọ bụ sodium rosin (6).
2. Ndebanye aha nke citrus fungicides
Enwere ụdị 117 nke ngwaahịa fungicides na-arụ ọrụ, ụdị 61 nke otu ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ụdị 56 agwakọta ihe. Enwere ngwaahịa fungicides 537 metụtara, nke 406 bụ otu dose. Ọgwụ nje 4 kacha elu edebanyere aha bụ imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), ọla kọpa hydroxide (25) na eze ọla kọpa (19), na-aza 29.24% na mkpokọta. Ngwakọta nke ngwaahịa 131 gbakọtara, yana ọgwụ nje 4 kacha debanyere aha bụ Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), na azole · imimine (7), na-aza 7.64% na mkpokọta. Dị ka a na-ahụ na Tebụl 2, e nwere ụdị ọgwụgwọ 18 nke ngwaahịa fungicides 537, n'etiti nke ụdị 3 kachasị elu nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu bụ ntụ ntụ mmiri (159), ngwaahịa nkwusioru (148) na granule gbasasịrị mmiri (86), na-aza 73.18% na mkpokọta. Enwere ụdị ọgwụgwọ fungicides 16 na ụdị ọgwụgwọ agwakọta 7.
Fungicides na-achịkwa ihe bụ powdery mildew, skaab, nwa ntụpọ (kpakpando ojii), isi awọ ebu, canker, resin ọrịa, anthrax na oge nchekwa ọrịa (mgbọrọgwụ ire ere, nwa ire ere, penicillium, green ebu na acid ire ere). Ihe fungicides na-abụkarị ọgwụ pesticides kemịkalụ, enwere ụdị ọgwụ nje sịntetik nke kemịkalụ 41, yana naanị ụdị 19 nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ịnweta ka edebara aha, n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ bụ berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng wepụ (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Isi mmalite microbial bụ mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Isi mmalite nke ịnweta bụ cuprous oxide (1), ọla kọpa eze (19), ngwakọta sọlfọ nkume (6), ọla kọpa hydroxide (25), calcium ọla kọpa sulfate (11), sọlfọ (6), mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ (4), sulfate ọla kọpa (7), mmiri mmiri Bordeaux (11).
3. Ndebanye aha nke citrus herbicides
Enwere ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị 20 dị irè, ụdị 14 nke otu ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ụdị 6 nke ngwakọta dị irè. Edebara aha mkpokọta ngwaahịa ahịhịa 475, gụnyere ndị ọrụ 467 otu na ndị nnọchite agwakọta 8. Dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 5, n'elu 5 herbicides edebanyere aha bụ glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) na ezi glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), na-aza 94.95% na mkpokọta. Dị ka a na-ahụ na Tebụl 2, e nwere ụdị ọgwụgwọ 7 nke ahịhịa ahịhịa, nke 3 mbụ bụ ngwaahịa mmiri (302), ngwaahịa granule soluble (78) na ngwaahịa ntụ ntụ (69), na-aza 94.53% na mkpokọta. N'ihe banyere ụdị dị iche iche, a na-emepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ahịhịa iri abụọ niile na kemịkalụ, ọ nweghịkwa ngwaahịa sitere n'okike edebanye aha.
4. Ndebanye aha nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto citrus
Enwere ụdị 35 nke ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto ihe ọkụkụ, gụnyere ụdị 19 nke ndị otu na ụdị 16 agwakọtara. Enwere ngwaahịa na-ahụ maka uto osisi 132 na mkpokọta, nke 100 bụ otu dose. Dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 6, ndị na-ahụ maka uto citrus 5 kacha elu bụ gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) na S-inducidin (5), na-aza 59.85% na mkpokọta. A gwakọtara ngụkọta nke ngwaahịa 32, na ngwaahịa 3 kacha elu edebanyere aha bụ benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) na 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), na-aza 10.61% na mkpokọta. Dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ na tebụl 2, e nwere ngụkọta nke 13 dosage ụdị nke osisi na-eto eto regulators, nke n'elu 3 bụ solubilizable ngwaahịa (52), ude ngwaahịa (19) na soluble ntụ ntụ ngwaahịa (13), na-aza 63.64% na mkpokọta. Ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi bụ tumadi ịhazi uto, ịchịkwa oge ịse, chekwaa mkpụrụ osisi, kwalite uto mkpụrụ osisi, mgbasawanye, agba agba, ịbawanye mmepụta na nchekwa. Dị ka ụdị ndị edebanyere aha, ndị isi ihe na-ahụ maka uto osisi bụ njikọ kemịkalụ, yana ngụkọta nke ụdị 14, yana naanị ụdị 5 nke isi mmalite ndu, n'etiti isi mmalite microbial bụ S-allantoin (5), na ngwaahịa biochemical bụ gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) na brassinolactone (1).
4. Ndebanye aha nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto citrus
Enwere ụdị 35 nke ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto ihe ọkụkụ, gụnyere ụdị 19 nke ndị otu na ụdị 16 agwakọtara. Enwere ngwaahịa na-ahụ maka uto osisi 132 na mkpokọta, nke 100 bụ otu dose. Dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 6, ndị na-ahụ maka uto citrus 5 kacha elu bụ gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) na S-inducidin (5), na-aza 59.85% na mkpokọta. A gwakọtara ngụkọta nke ngwaahịa 32, na ngwaahịa 3 kacha elu edebanyere aha bụ benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) na 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), na-aza 10.61% na mkpokọta. Dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ na tebụl 2, e nwere ngụkọta nke 13 dosage ụdị nke osisi na-eto eto regulators, nke n'elu 3 bụ solubilizable ngwaahịa (52), ude ngwaahịa (19) na soluble ntụ ntụ ngwaahịa (13), na-aza 63.64% na mkpokọta. Ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi bụ tumadi ịhazi uto, ịchịkwa oge ịse, chekwaa mkpụrụ osisi, kwalite uto mkpụrụ osisi, mgbasawanye, agba agba, ịbawanye mmepụta na nchekwa. Dị ka ụdị ndị edebanyere aha, ndị isi ihe na-ahụ maka uto osisi bụ njikọ kemịkalụ, yana ngụkọta nke ụdị 14, yana naanị ụdị 5 nke isi mmalite ndu, n'etiti isi mmalite microbial bụ S-allantoin (5), na ngwaahịa biochemical bụ gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) na brassinolactone (1).
Oge nzipu: Jun-24-2024