Citrus, osisi nke ezinụlọ Arantioideae nke ezinụlọ Rutaceae, bụ otu n'ime ihe ọkụkụ kachasị mkpa n'ụwa, na-aza otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpokọta mkpụrụ osisi n'ụwa.Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị citrus, gụnyere citrus sara mbara, oroma, pomelo, mkpụrụ osisi grepu, lemon na lemon.N'ihe karịrị mba 140 na mpaghara, gụnyere China, Brazil na United States, ebe ihe ọkụkụ nke citrus ruru 10.5530 nde hm2, na mmepụta bụ 166.3030 nde tọn.China bụ mba kacha ibu citrus na-ere ahịa n'ụwa, n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye, na 2022, ebe ihe dị ka 3,033,500 hm2, mmepụta nke 6,039 nde tọn.Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ citrus nke China buru ibu ma ọ dịghị ike, na United States na Brazil na mba ndị ọzọ nwere nnukwu oghere.
Citrus bụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi nke nwere mpaghara a na-akọkarị na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba kachasị mkpa na ndịda China, nke nwere ihe pụrụ iche maka mbelata ịda ogbenye ụlọ ọrụ na imegharị ime obodo.Site na nkwalite nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na mmata ahụike na mmepe nke mba ụwa na ịkọwapụta ụlọ ọrụ citrus, green na organic citrus ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aghọ ebe na-ekpo ọkụ maka oriri ndị mmadụ, na-achọsi ike dị elu, dịgasị iche iche na kwa afọ kwesịrị ekwesị ọkọnọ na-aga n'ihu. mụbaa.Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ụlọ ọrụ citrus nke China na-emetụta ihe ndị sitere n'okike (okpomọkụ, mmiri ozuzo, àgwà ala), nkà na ụzụ mmepụta (ụdị dị iche iche, nkà na ụzụ cultivation, ntinye ọrụ ugbo) na ọnọdụ nchịkwa, na ihe ndị ọzọ, enwere nsogbu dị ka ụdị dị mma. na ihe ọjọọ, ike na-adịghị ike igbochi ọrịa na pests, ika mmata adịghị ike, management mode bụ azụ na n'oge mkpụrụ osisi ire siri ike.Iji kwalite akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmepe dị elu nke ụlọ ọrụ citrus, ọ dị ngwa iji mee ka nyocha dị iche iche dị iche iche dịkwuo mma, ụkpụrụ na nkà na ụzụ nke ịbelata ibu na mbelata ọgwụ, ịdị mma na ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma.Ọgwụ pesticides na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na usoro mmepụta nke citrus ma na-emetụta mkpụrụ na àgwà citrus ozugbo.N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nhọrọ nke pesticides na citrus green mmepụta bụ ihe ịma aka karịa n'ihi oke ihu igwe na pests na ahịhịa.
Nnyocha e mere na nchekwa data ndebanye ọgwụ pesticide nke China Pesticide Information Network chọpụtara na n'August 24, 2023, enwere ngwaahịa pesticide 3,243 edebara aha na steeti dị irè na citrus na China.Enwere 1515ọgwụ nje, na-aza 46.73% nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pesticides edebanyere aha.Enwere 684 acaricides, na-aza 21.09%;537 fungicides, na-aza 16.56%;475 ahịhịa ahịhịa, na-aza 14.65%;Ha dị 132ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisibụ 4.07 % taa.A na-ekewa toxicity nke pesticides na mba anyị na ọkwa 5 site na elu ruo na ala: oke egbu egbu, oke egbu egbu, ihe na-egbu egbu, obere nsị na obere nsị.Enwere ngwaahịa ndị na-egbu egbu 541, na-aza 16.68% nke mkpokọta ọgwụ pesticide edebanyere aha.Enwere ngwaahịa 2,494 dị ala na-egbu egbu, na-aza 76.90% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ pesticide edebanyere aha.Enwere ngwaahịa 208 dị nro na-egbu egbu, na-aza 6.41% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ pesticide edebanyere aha.
1. Ọnọdụ ndebanye aha nke citrus pesticides / acaricides
Enwere ụdị 189 nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-eji na citrus na China, nke 69 bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ otu dose na 120 bụ ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ agwakọta.Ọnụọgụ ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ debara aha dị elu karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ, ngụkọta 1,515.N'ime ha, a na-edebanye aha ngwaahịa 994 n'otu dose, na n'elu 5 pesticides bụ acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), mmanụ ịnweta (53) na ethozole (51), na-aza 29.70. %A gwakọtara ngụkọta nke ngwaahịa 521, yana ọgwụ pesticide 5 kacha elu na ọnụọgụ edebanyere aha bụ actinospirin (ngwaahịa 52), actinospirin (ngwaahịa 35), actinospirin (ngwaahịa 31), actinospirin (ngwaahịa 31) na dihydrazide (ngwaahịa 28), na-aza ajụjụ maka 11.68%.Dị ka a na-ahụ na Tebụl 2, n'etiti ngwaahịa 1515 edebanyere aha, e nwere ụdị usoro onunu ogwu 19, nke 3 kachasị elu bụ ngwaahịa emulsion (653), ngwaahịa nkwusioru (518) na powders wettable (169), na-aza ngụkọta nke 88.45. %
Enwere ụdị 83 nke acaricides na-arụ ọrụ nke a na-eji na-emepụta citrus, gụnyere ụdị 24 nke otu ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ụdị 59 agwakọta ihe.A na-edebanye aha ngwaahịa acaricidal 684 (nke abụọ bụ naanị ụmụ ahụhụ), nke 476 bụ otu ndị ọrụ, dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 3. Ihe kachasị elu 4 nke pesticides na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pesticides edebanyere aha bụ acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline. (63) na phenylbutin (26), na-aza 44.59% na mkpokọta.Ngwakọta nke ngwaahịa 208 jikọtara ọnụ, yana ọgwụ 4 kachasị elu na ọnụ ọgụgụ a debanyere aha bụ aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mineral oil (15), na Aviculin · mineral oil (13), na-aza 10.67 %N'ime ngwaahịa 684 edebanyere aha, enwere ụdị usoro onunu ogwu 11, nke 3 kachasị elu bụ ngwaahịa emulsion (330), ngwaahịa nkwusioru (198) na powders wettable (124), na-aza 95.32% na mkpokọta.
Ụdị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ / acaricidal otu dose usoro (ma e wezụga onye na-akwụsịtụ, microemulsion, emulsion kwụsịtụrụ na emulsion aqueous) karịrị ndị agwakọta.Enwere ụdị 18 nke usoro otu dose na ụdị 9 nke ngwakọta agwakọta.Enwere 11 otu dose na ụdị ọgwụgwọ agwakọta 5 nke acaricides.Ihe nchịkwa nke ụmụ ahụhụ agwakọtara bụ Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (udide ududo), Gall mite (akọrọ nchara, ududo nchara), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (oroma aphid). , aphids), ijiji bara uru (Orange Macropha), nla onye na-egwuputa akwukwo akwukwo (onye na-egwuputa akwukwo), ogwu (weevil isi awọ) na ndi ozo.Isi ihe nchịkwa nke otu dose bụ Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (ududo uhie), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), ijiji bara uru (Tangeridae). , Tangeridae), ndị na-egwupụta akwụkwọ (leafleafers), leafleafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), na Longicidae (Longicidae).Na pests ndị ọzọ.Ihe nchịkwa nke acaricides edebanyere aha bụ tumadi àjà nke phyllodidae (ududo uhie), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), nla miner akwukwo (onye na-egwuputa akwukwo), Pall mite (nchara nchara), aphid (aphids). ) were gabazie.Site na ụdị ọgwụ pesticides edebanyere aha na acaricides bụ ọgwụ pesticides kemịkalụ, ụdị 60 na 21, n'otu n'otu.Enwere naanị ụdị 9 sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ na ịnweta ịnweta, gụnyere neem (2) na matrine (3) sitere na ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, yana Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) na avermectin (1). 103) sitere na isi mmalite microbial.Ebe a na-enweta mineral bụ mmanụ ịnweta (62), ngwakọta sulfur nkume (7), na ụdị ndị ọzọ bụ sodium rosin (6).
2. Ndebanye aha nke citrus fungicides
Enwere ụdị 117 nke ngwaahịa fungicides na-arụ ọrụ, ụdị 61 nke otu ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ụdị 56 agwakọta ihe.Enwere ngwaahịa fungicides 537 metụtara, nke 406 bụ otu dose.Ọgwụ nje 4 kacha elu edebanyere aha bụ imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), ọla kọpa hydroxide (25) na eze ọla kọpa (19), na-aza 29.24% na mkpokọta.A gwakọtara ngụkọta nke ngwaahịa 131, yana ọgwụ nje 4 kacha debanyere aha bụ Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline ọla kọpa (9), azole · deisen (8), na azole · imimine (7), na-aza 7.64% na mkpokọta.Dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ na Tebụl 2, e nwere 18 usoro onunu ogwu nke 537 fungicide ngwaahịa, n'ime nke 3 ụdị na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu bụ wettable ntụ ntụ (159), nkwusioru ngwaahịa (148) na mmiri-chụgara granule (86), aza ajụjụ. maka 73.18 % taa.Enwere ụdị ọgwụgwọ fungicides 16 na ụdị ọgwụgwọ agwakọta 7.
Fungicides na-achịkwa ihe bụ powdery mildew, skaab, nwa ntụpọ (kpakpando ojii), isi awọ ebu, canker, resin ọrịa, anthrax na oge nchekwa ọrịa (mgbọrọgwụ ire ere, nwa ire ere, penicillium, green ebu na acid ire ere).Ihe fungicides na-abụkarị ọgwụ pesticides kemịkalụ, enwere ụdị ọgwụ nje sịntetịt kemịkalụ 41, yana naanị ụdị 19 nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ịnweta ka edebara aha, n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ bụ berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng wepụ (2). ), allicin (1), D-limonene (1).Isi mmalite microbial bụ mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1).Isi mmalite nke ịnweta bụ cuprous oxide (1), ọla kọpa eze (19), ngwakọta sọlfọ nkume (6), ọla kọpa hydroxide (25), calcium ọla kọpa sulfate (11), sọlfọ (6), mmanụ ịnweta (4), isi ọla kọpa sulfate. (7), mmiri mmiri Bordeaux (11).
3. Ndebanye aha nke citrus herbicides
Enwere ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị 20 dị irè, ụdị 14 nke otu ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ụdị 6 nke ngwakọta dị irè.Edebara aha mkpokọta ngwaahịa ahịhịa 475, gụnyere ndị ọrụ 467 otu na ndị nnọchite agwakọta 8.Dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 5, n'elu 5 herbicides edebanyere aha bụ glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) na ezi glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), na-aza 94.95% na mkpokọta.Dị ka a na-ahụ na Tebụl 2, e nwere ụdị ọgwụgwọ 7 nke ahịhịa ahịhịa, nke 3 mbụ bụ ngwaahịa mmiri (302), ngwaahịa granule soluble (78) na ngwaahịa ntụ ntụ (69), na-aza 94.53% na mkpokọta.N'ihe banyere ụdị dị iche iche, a na-emepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ahịhịa iri abụọ niile na kemịkalụ, ọ nweghịkwa ngwaahịa sitere n'okike edebanye aha.
4. Ndebanye aha nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto citrus
Enwere ụdị 35 nke ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto ihe ọkụkụ, gụnyere ụdị 19 nke ndị otu na ụdị 16 agwakọtara.Enwere ngwaahịa na-ahụ maka uto osisi 132 na mkpokọta, nke 100 bụ otu dose.Dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 6, ndị na-ahụ maka uto citrus 5 kacha elu bụ gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) na S-inducidin (5), na-aza 59.85% na mkpokọta. .A gwakọtara ngụkọta nke ngwaahịa 32, na ngwaahịa 3 kacha debanyere aha bụ benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) na 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), na-aza 10.61% na ngụkọta.Dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ na tebụl 2, e nwere ngụkọta nke 13 dosage ụdị nke osisi na-eto eto, n'etiti nke 3 bụ solubilizable ngwaahịa (52), ude ngwaahịa (19) na soluble ntụ ntụ ngwaahịa (13), na-aza 63.64% na mkpokọta.Ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi bụ tumadi ịhazi uto, ịchịkwa oge ịse, chekwaa mkpụrụ osisi, kwalite uto mkpụrụ osisi, mgbasawanye, agba agba, ịbawanye mmepụta na nchekwa.Dị ka ụdị ndị e debanyere aha, ndị bụ isi na-achịkwa ihe ọkụkụ bụ njikọ kemịkalụ, yana ngụkọta nke ụdị 14, yana naanị ụdị 5 nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, n'ime ihe ndị dị na microbial bụ S-allantoin (5), na ngwaahịa biochemical bụ gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) na brassinolactone (1).
4. Ndebanye aha nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto citrus
Enwere ụdị 35 nke ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto ihe ọkụkụ, gụnyere ụdị 19 nke ndị otu na ụdị 16 agwakọtara.Enwere ngwaahịa na-ahụ maka uto osisi 132 na mkpokọta, nke 100 bụ otu dose.Dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 6, ndị na-ahụ maka uto citrus 5 kacha elu bụ gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) na S-inducidin (5), na-aza 59.85% na mkpokọta. .A gwakọtara ngụkọta nke ngwaahịa 32, na ngwaahịa 3 kacha debanyere aha bụ benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) na 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), na-aza 10.61% na ngụkọta.Dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ na tebụl 2, e nwere ngụkọta nke 13 dosage ụdị nke osisi na-eto eto, n'etiti nke 3 bụ solubilizable ngwaahịa (52), ude ngwaahịa (19) na soluble ntụ ntụ ngwaahịa (13), na-aza 63.64% na mkpokọta.Ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi bụ tumadi ịhazi uto, ịchịkwa oge ịse, chekwaa mkpụrụ osisi, kwalite uto mkpụrụ osisi, mgbasawanye, agba agba, ịbawanye mmepụta na nchekwa.Dị ka ụdị ndị e debanyere aha, ndị bụ isi na-achịkwa ihe ọkụkụ bụ njikọ kemịkalụ, yana ngụkọta nke ụdị 14, yana naanị ụdị 5 nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, n'ime ihe ndị dị na microbial bụ S-allantoin (5), na ngwaahịa biochemical bụ gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) na brassinolactone (1).
Oge nzipu: Jun-24-2024