Citrus, osisi nke ezinụlọ Arantioideae nke ezinụlọ Rutaceae, bụ otu n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ego kacha mkpa n'ụwa, na-agụnye otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mmepụta mkpụrụ osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị citrus, gụnyere citrus sara mbara, oroma, pomelo, grapefruit, lemon na lemon. Na mba na mpaghara karịrị 140, gụnyere China, Brazil na United States, mpaghara a na-akụ citrus ruru nde 10.5530 hm2, mmepụta ya dịkwa nde tọn 166.3030. China bụ mba kachasị emepụta citrus na ire ere n'ụwa, n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mpaghara a na-akụ na mmepụta ya na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye, na 2022, mpaghara ihe dị ka 3,033,500 hm2, mmepụta ya bụ nde tọn 6,039. Agbanyeghị, ụlọ ọrụ citrus nke China buru ibu mana ọ dịghị ike, United States na Brazil na mba ndị ọzọ nwere nnukwu oghere.
Osisi Citrus bụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi nwere mpaghara ịkọ ihe kachasị ukwuu na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba kachasị mkpa na ndịda China, nke nwere ihe pụrụ iche maka mbelata ịda ogbenye ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ime ka obodo dịghachi ndụ. Site na mmụba nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na mmata ahụike na mmepe nke mba ụwa na ozi gbasara ụlọ ọrụ citrus, citrus akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na organic na-aghọ ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ maka oriri ndị mmadụ, ọchịchọ maka ọkọnọ dị elu, dị iche iche na nke kwa afọ ka na-abawanye. Agbanyeghị, n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ihe ndị sitere n'okike (okpomọkụ, mmiri ozuzo, ịdị mma ala), teknụzụ mmepụta (ụdị dị iche iche, teknụzụ ịkọ ihe, ntinye ọrụ ugbo) na ụdị njikwa, na ihe ndị ọzọ, enwere nsogbu dị ka ụdị dị iche iche nke ọma na ihe ọjọọ, ike adịghị ike igbochi ọrịa na ụmụ ahụhụ, mmata aha adịghị ike, ụdị njikwa na-ala azụ na ire mkpụrụ osisi oge siri ike. Iji kwalite mmepe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na nke dị elu nke ụlọ ọrụ citrus, ọ dị mkpa ime ka nnyocha dị na mmezi ụdị dị iche iche, ụkpụrụ na teknụzụ nke mbelata ibu na mbelata ọgwụ, mma na mmezi arụmọrụ sie ike. Ọgwụ nje na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro mmepụta nke citrus ma na-emetụta kpọmkwem mkpụrụ na ịdị mma nke citrus. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nhọrọ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ime mmepụta mkpụrụ osisi citrus siri ike karịa n'ihi oke ihu igwe na ahụhụ na ahịhịa.
Nchọgharị na nchekwa data ndebanye aha ọgwụ ahụhụ nke China Pesticide Information Network chọpụtara na dịka ọ dị na Ọgọst 24, 2023, e nwere ọgwụ ahụhụ 3,243 e debara aha ha n'ọkwa dị irè maka citrus na China. E nwere 1515.ọgwụ ahụhụ, nke ruru 46.73% nke ngụkọta ọnụọgụ ọgwụ nje e debara aha. E nwere ọgwụ acaricides 684, nke ruru 21.09%; ọgwụ fungicides 537, nke ruru 16.56%; ọgwụ ogwu 475, nke ruru 14.65%; E nwere 132ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi, nke ruru 4.07%. Nsí nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na mba anyị kewara n'ọkwa ise site na elu ruo ala: nnukwu nsí, nnukwu nsí, nnukwu nsí, obere nsí na obere nsí. E nwere ngwaahịa 541 na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, nke ruru 16.68% nke mkpokọta ọgwụ ahụhụ edebanyere aha. E nwere ngwaahịa 2,494 na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, nke ruru 76.90% nke mkpokọta ọnụọgụ ọgwụ ahụhụ edebanyere aha. E nwere ngwaahịa 208 na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, nke ruru 6.41% nke mkpokọta ọnụọgụ ọgwụ ahụhụ edebanyere aha.
1. Ọnọdụ ndebanye aha nke ọgwụ ahụhụ/acaricides citrus
E nwere ụdị ihe eji egbu ahụhụ dị iche iche 189 e ji eme ihe n'ịmepụta citrus na China, nke 69 bụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ otu ugboro na 120 bụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ dị iche iche. Ọnụọgụ ọgwụ ahụhụ e debara aha ha dị elu karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ, nke ruru 1,515. N'ime ha, e debara aha ngwaahịa 994 n'otu ọgwụ, ọgwụ ahụhụ ise kachasị elu bụ acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), mmanụ mineral (53) na ethozole (51), nke ruru 29.70%. Ngụkọta ngwaahịa 521 agwakọtara, ọgwụ ahụhụ ise kachasị elu n'ọnụọgụ e debara aha ha bụ actinospirin (ngwaahịa 52), actinospirin (ngwaahịa 35), actinospirin (ngwaahịa 31), actinospirin (ngwaahịa 31) na dihydrazide (ngwaahịa 28), nke ruru 11.68%. Dịka a pụrụ ịhụ site na Tebụl nke Abụọ, n'ime ngwaahịa 1515 edenyere aha, e nwere ụdị ọgwụ iri na itoolu, nke atọ kachasị elu bụ ngwaahịa emulsion (653), ngwaahịa nkwụsịtụ (518) na ntụ mmiri mmiri (169), nke na-eme ngụkọta nke 88.45%.
E nwere ụdị ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke acaricides 83 e ji eme ihe n'ịmepụta citrus, gụnyere ụdị ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ otu otu na ụdị ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ 59. E debara aha ngwaahịa acaricidal 684 (nke abụọ naanị na ọgwụ ahụhụ), nke 476 bụ otu ọgwụ, dịka egosiri na Tebụl 3. Ọgwụ nje anọ kachasị elu n'ọnụọgụ ọgwụ nje ndị e debara aha ha bụ acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) na phenylbutin (26), nke ruru 44.59% na mkpokọta. A gwakọtara ngwaahịa 208, ọgwụ nje anọ kachasị elu n'ime ọnụọgụ ndị e debara aha ha bụ aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mmanụ mineral (15), na Aviculin · mmanụ mineral (13), nke ruru 10.67%. N'ime ngwaahịa 684 e debara aha ha, e nwere ụdị ọgwụ iri na otu, nke atọ kachasị elu bụ ngwaahịa emulsion (330), ngwaahịa nkwụsịtụ (198) na ntụ mmiri mmiri (124), nke ruru 95.32% na mkpokọta.
Ụdị na ọnụọgụ nke ọgwụ ndị na-egbu ahụhụ/acaricidal otu dose (ma e wezụga ihe nnọchi anya a suspension, microemulsion, suspension emulsion na mmiri mmiri emulsion) karịrị nke agwakọtara agwakọta. E nwere ụdị ọgwụ iri na asatọ nke otu dose na ụdị ọgwụ itoolu agwakọtara agwakọta. E nwere ụdị ọgwụ iri na otu na ụdị ọgwụ ise agwakọtara agwakọta. Ihe ndị na-achịkwa ọgwụ ndị a gwakọtara agwakọta bụ Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (ududo uhie), Gall mite (akọrọ nchara, ududo nchara), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (oroma aphid, aphids), practical fly (Orange Macropha), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), weevil (isi awọ) na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Isi ihe ndị a na-achịkwa n'otu ọgwụ bụ Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (ududo uhie), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Ọcha), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), ijiji bara uru (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), ndị na-egwupụta akwụkwọ (akwụkwọ), akwụkwọ akwụkwọ (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), na Longicidae (Longicidae). Na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-achịkwa n'ime acaricides bụkarị mites nke phyllodidae (ududo uhie), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), moth nke na-egwupụta akwụkwọ), Pall mite (nsị), aphid (aphids) na ndị ọzọ. Site n'ụdị ọgwụ nje e debara aha ha, a na-ahụkarị ọgwụ nje kemịkal, ụdị 60 na 21, n'otu n'otu. E nwere naanị ụdị 9 sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ, gụnyere neem (2) na matrine (3) sitere na ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, na Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) na avermectin (103) sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Isi mmalite mineral bụ mmanụ mineral (62), ngwakọta nkume sulfur (7), na ụdị ndị ọzọ bụ sodium rosin (6).
2. Ndebanye aha nke ọgwụ fungicides citrus
E nwere ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị na ọgwụ nje, ... E nwere ụdị ọgwụ fungicides iri na isii na ụdị ọgwụ agwakọta asaa.
Ihe ndị na-achịkwa fungicides bụ ntụ ntụ mildew, scab, ntụpọ ojii (kpakpando ojii), ebu isi awọ, canker, ọrịa resin, anthrax na ọrịa oge nchekwa (mgbọrọgwụ ire ere, ire ojii, penicillium, ebu akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ire acid). Ihe ndị na-egbu nje bụ ọgwụ nje kemịkalụ, enwere ụdị ọgwụ nje kemịkalụ 41, naanị ụdị isi mmalite ihe ndị dị ndụ na mineral 19 ka edebanyere aha, n'ime ha bụ berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Isi mmalite nje bacteria bụ mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Isi mmalite mineral bụ cuprous oxide (1), king copper (19), stone sulfur agwakọta (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfur (6), mineral oil (4), basic copper sulfate (7), Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Ndebanye aha nke ọgwụ ndị e ji osisi citrus mee
E nwere ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị irè maka ahịhịa ogwu, ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị irè iri na anọ na ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị irè isii. E debara aha ngwaahịa ahịhịa ogwu 475 n'ime ha, gụnyere ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche 467 na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche 8. Dịka egosiri na Tebụl 5, ihe ise kachasị mkpa e debara aha ha bụ glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) na fine glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), nke ruru 94.95% na mkpokọta. Dịka a pụrụ ịhụ site na Tebụl 2, enwere ụdị ọgwụ ahịhịa 7, nke atọ mbụ bụ ngwaahịa mmiri (302), ngwaahịa granule na-agbaze (78) na ngwaahịa ntụ ntụ na-agbaze (69), nke ruru 94.53% na mkpokọta. Banyere ụdị, e ji kemịkalụ mepụta ọgwụ ahịhịa 20 niile, ọ dịghịkwa ngwaahịa bayọlọji e debara aha ha.
4. Ndebanye aha nke ndị na-achịkwa uto mkpụrụ osisi citrus
E nwere ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ihe ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi, gụnyere ụdị ihe ndị na-akpata otu ihe na ụdị ihe ndị na-akpata iri na isii. E nwere ngwaahịa ihe ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi 132 na mkpokọta, nke 100 bụ otu dose. Dịka egosiri na Tebụl 6, ndị na-achịkwa uto citrus ise kachasị elu bụ gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) na S-inducidin (5), nke ruru 59.85% na mkpokọta. A gwakọtara ngwaahịa 32, na ngwaahịa 3 kachasị elu bụ benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) na 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), nke ruru 10.61% na mkpokọta. Dịka a pụrụ ịhụ site na Tebụl nke Abụọ, e nwere ngụkọta ụdị ọgwụ iri na atọ nke ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi, nke atọ kachasị elu bụ ngwaahịa ndị a na-agbaze agbaze (52), ngwaahịa ude (19) na ngwaahịa ntụ ntụ na-agbaze agbaze (13), nke ruru 63.64% na mkpokọta. Ọrụ nke ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi bụ isi ịchịkwa uto, ijikwa oge okooko osisi, chekwaa mkpụrụ osisi, kwalite uto mkpụrụ osisi, ịgbasa, agba agba, ịbawanye mmepụta na nchekwa. Dịka ụdị ndị edebanyere aha si kwuo, ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi bụ isi ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ, yana mkpokọta ụdị 14, na naanị ụdị 5 nke isi mmalite bayoloji, gụnyere isi mmalite nje bacteria bụ S-allantoin (5), na ngwaahịa bayoloji bụ gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) na brassinolactone (1).
4. Ndebanye aha nke ndị na-achịkwa uto mkpụrụ osisi citrus
E nwere ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ihe ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi, gụnyere ụdị ihe ndị na-akpata otu ihe na ụdị ihe ndị na-akpata iri na isii. E nwere ngwaahịa ihe ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi 132 na mkpokọta, nke 100 bụ otu dose. Dịka egosiri na Tebụl 6, ndị na-achịkwa uto citrus ise kachasị elu bụ gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) na S-inducidin (5), nke ruru 59.85% na mkpokọta. A gwakọtara ngwaahịa 32, na ngwaahịa 3 kachasị elu bụ benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) na 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), nke ruru 10.61% na mkpokọta. Dịka a pụrụ ịhụ site na Tebụl nke Abụọ, e nwere ngụkọta ụdị ọgwụ iri na atọ nke ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi, nke atọ kachasị elu bụ ngwaahịa ndị a na-agbaze agbaze (52), ngwaahịa ude (19) na ngwaahịa ntụ ntụ na-agbaze agbaze (13), nke ruru 63.64% na mkpokọta. Ọrụ nke ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi bụ isi ịchịkwa uto, ijikwa oge okooko osisi, chekwaa mkpụrụ osisi, kwalite uto mkpụrụ osisi, ịgbasa, agba agba, ịbawanye mmepụta na nchekwa. Dịka ụdị ndị edebanyere aha si kwuo, ndị na-achịkwa uto osisi bụ isi ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ, yana mkpokọta ụdị 14, na naanị ụdị 5 nke isi mmalite bayoloji, gụnyere isi mmalite nje bacteria bụ S-allantoin (5), na ngwaahịa bayoloji bụ gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) na brassinolactone (1).
Oge ozi: Juun-24-2024