Mmetụta synergistic nke mmanụ dị mkpa na ndị okenye na-abawanye nsí nke permethrin megide Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) |

N'ime ọrụ gara aga na-anwale ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nri mpaghara maka anwụnta na Thailand, mmanụ dị mkpa (EOs) nke Cyperus rotundus, galangal na cinnamon nwere ezigbo ọrụ mgbochi anwụnta megide Aedes aegypti.N'ịgbalị ibelata ojiji nke omenalaụmụ ahụhụma melite njikwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta na-eguzogide ọgwụ, nchọpụta a bụ iji chọpụta ihe nwere ike ime n'etiti mmetụta okenye nke ethylene oxide na nsị nke permethrin na anwụnta Aedes.aegypti, gụnyere ụdị pyrethroid na-eguzogide ọgwụ na mmetụta mmetụta.
Iji nyochaa chemical mejupụtara na igbu ọrụ nke EO amịpụtara na rhizomes nke C. rotundus na A. galanga na ogbugbo nke C. verum megide susceptible nje Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) na eguzogide ọgwụ nje Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R). ).) Okenye nọ n'ọrụ Ae.Aedes aegypti.A na-emekwa bioassay okenye nke ngwakọta EO-permethrin na anwụnta Aedes ndị a iji ghọta ọrụ mmekọrịta ya.ụdị aegypti.
Nkọwa kemịkalụ site na iji usoro nyocha nke GC-MS gosiri na a na-achọpụta ogige 48 site na EO nke C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum, na-aza 80.22%, 86.75% na 97.24% nke mkpokọta akụrụngwa, n'otu n'otu.Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), na cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) bụ isi ihe mejupụtara mmanụ cyperus, mmanụ galangal, na mmanụ balsamic, n'otu n'otu.N'ime nyocha igbu mmadụ nke ndị okenye, C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum EV dị irè n'igbu Ae.aegypti, MCM-S na PMD-R LD50 ụkpụrụ bụ 10.05 na 9.57 μg / mg nwanyị, 7.97 na 7.94 μg / mg nwanyị, na 3.30 na 3.22 μg / mg nwanyi, n'otu n'otu.Ịrụ ọrụ nke MCM-S na PMD-R Ae na igbu ndị okenye.aegypti na EO ndị a dị nso na piperonyl butoxide (ụkpụrụ PBO, LD50 = 6.30 na 4.79 μg/mg nwanyi, n'otu n'otu), ma ọ bụghị dị ka a na-akpọ permethrin (LD50 values ​​​​= 0.44 na 3.70 ng/mg nwanyi n'otu n'otu).Agbanyeghị, ngwakọta bioassays chọtara mmekọrịta n'etiti EO na permethrin.Mkpakọrịta dị mkpa na permethrin megide ụdị anwụnta abụọ nke Aedes.Edere Aedes aegypti na EM nke C. rotundus na A. galanga.Mgbakwunye nke mmanụ C. rotundus na A. galanga belatara LD50 ụkpụrụ nke permethrin na MCM-S site na 0.44 ruo 0.07 ng / mg na 0.11 ng / mg n'ime ụmụ nwanyị, n'otu n'otu, na ụkpụrụ synergy (SR). nke 6.28 na 4.00 n'otu n'otu.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, C. rotundus na A. galanga EO na-ebelatakwa LD50 ụkpụrụ nke permethrin na PMD-R site na 3.70 ruo 0.42 ng / mg na 0.003 ng / mg na ụmụ nwanyị, n'otu n'otu, na ụkpụrụ SR nke 8.81 na 1233.33 n'otu n'otu..
Mmetụta mmekọrịta nke ngwakọta EO-permethrin iji kwalite nsí ndị okenye megide ụdị anwụnta Aedes abụọ.Aedes aegypti na-egosiputa ọrụ dị mma maka ethylene oxide dị ka onye na-emekọrịta ihe n'ịkwalite arụmọrụ anwụnta, karịsịa ebe ogige ọdịnala na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.
anwụnta Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) bụ isi ihe na-ebute ọrịa dengue na ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ na-efe efe dị ka ahụ ọkụ na-acha odo odo, chikungunya na nje Zika, na-etinye nnukwu ihe iyi egwu na-adịgide adịgide nye ụmụ mmadụ[1, 2]..Nje virus Dengue bụ ahụ ọkụ hemorrhagic kasị njọ na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, ebe e mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka nde 5-100 na-eme kwa afọ yana ihe karịrị ijeri mmadụ 2.5 n'ụwa nile nọ n'ihe ize ndụ [3].Mwapụta nke ọrịa na-efe efe na-etinye nnukwu ibu n'ahụ mmadụ, usoro ahụike na akụ na ụba nke ọtụtụ mba okpomọkụ [1].Dị ka Ministri Ahụike Thai si kwuo, enwere ọrịa dengue 142,925 na ọnwụ 141 a kọrọ na mba na 2015, ihe karịrị okpukpu atọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ikpe na ọnwụ na 2014 [4].N'agbanyeghị ihe akaebe mere eme, anwụnta Aedes ekpochapụla ma ọ bụ belatara ahụ ọkụ dengue.N'ịgbaso njikwa Aedes aegypti [5], ọnụọgụ ọrịa na-abawanye nke ukwuu ma ọrịa ahụ gbasaa n'ụwa niile, n'ihi akụkụ nke ọtụtụ iri afọ nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ.Mwepu na njikwa nke Ae.Aedes aegypti siri ike n'ihi na ọ bụ anụ ahụ anwụnta na-alụ, na-enye nri, na-ezu ike ma na-atụba akwa n'ime na gburugburu ebe mmadụ bi n'ụbọchị.Na mgbakwunye, anwụnta a nwere ikike ime mgbanwe maka mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara sitere na ihe ndị sitere n'okike (dịka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo) ma ọ bụ usoro nchịkwa mmadụ, ma nwee ike ịlaghachi na nọmba mbụ ya [6, 7].N'ihi na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dengue ka akwadoro naanị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ma ọ nweghị ọgwụgwọ a kapịrị ọnụ maka ahụ ọkụ dengue, igbochi na ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke nnyefe dengue na-adabere kpamkpam na ịchịkwa ihe ndị na-akpata anwụnta na iwepụ kọntaktị mmadụ na vectors.
Karịsịa, iji kemịkalụ maka njikwa anwụnta ugbu a na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ahụike ọha dịka akụkụ dị mkpa nke njikwa vector jikọtara ọnụ.Ụzọ kemịkalụ kachasị ewu ewu gụnyere iji ụmụ ahụhụ na-egbu egbu na-eme ihe megide larvae anwụnta (larvicides) na anwụnta ndị okenye (adidocides).A na-ahụta njikwa ahihia site na mbelata isi iyi yana iji larvicides kemịkal eme ihe mgbe niile dị ka organophosphates na ndị na-ahụ maka uto ụmụ ahụhụ dị mkpa.Otú ọ dị, mmetụta ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara ya na pesticides sịntetik na nrụgide ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mgbagwoju anya ka bụ nnukwu nchegbu [8, 9].Omenala nchịkwa vector na-arụsi ọrụ ike, dị ka njikwa ndị okenye, na-anọgide na-abụ ụzọ nchịkwa kachasị dị irè n'oge ntiwapụ nke nje n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ikpochapụ ọrịa na-efe efe ngwa ngwa na n'ọtụtụ buru ibu, yana ibelata ndụ na ogologo ndụ nke ndị bi na mpaghara [3]., 10].Klaasị anọ nke ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ kemịkalụ: organochlorine (nke a na-akpọ naanị DDT), organophosphates, carbamates, na pyrethroids bụ ntọala nke mmemme njikwa vector, ebe pyrethroids na-ewere dị ka klaasị kacha aga nke ọma.Ha na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide arthropods dị iche iche ma nwee arụmọrụ dị ala.toxicity nye mammals.Ugbu a, pyrethroid sịntetik bụ ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọgwụ pesticides azụmahịa, na-aza ihe dị ka 25% nke ahịa pesticide zuru ụwa ọnụ [11, 12].Permethrin na deltamethrin bụ ụmụ ahụhụ pyrethroid sara mbara nke ejirila n'ụwa niile ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ iji chịkwaa ụdị ahụhụ dị iche iche nke ọrụ ugbo na ahụike [13, 14].N'afọ ndị 1950, a họpụtara DDT ka ọ bụrụ kemịkalụ nhọrọ maka mmemme njikwa anwụnta nke mba Thailand.N'ịgbaso DDT zuru ebe niile na mpaghara ịba na-efe efe, Thailand ji nwayọọ nwayọọ kwụsị iji DDT n'etiti 1995 na 2000 wee jiri pyrethroid abụọ dochie ya: permethrin na deltamethrin [15, 16].Ewebatara ụmụ ahụhụ pyrethroid ndị a na mmalite 1990s iji chịkwaa ịba na ahụ ọkụ dengue, nke bụ isi site na ọgwụgwọ ụgbụ akwa na ojiji nke ikuku thermal na sprays ultra-low toxicity [14, 17].Agbanyeghị, ha enwekwaghị uru n'ihi mgbochi anwụnta siri ike na enweghị nnabata ọha n'ihi nchegbu gbasara ahụike ọha na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke kemịkalụ sịntetik.Nke a na-ebute nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka ịga nke ọma nke mmemme njikwa vector egwu [14, 18, 19].Iji mee ka atụmatụ ahụ dịkwuo irè, usoro mgbochi kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị dị mkpa.Usoro nlekọta akwadoro gụnyere ngbanwe nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike, ntụgharị nke kemịkalụ nke klas dị iche iche, mgbakwunye nke synergists, na ịgwakọta kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa nke kemịkalụ nke klaasị dị iche iche [14, 20, 21].Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka ọ dị ngwa ngwa ịchọta na ịzụlite ihe omume enyi na enyi, dị mma ma dị irè ọzọ na synergist na ọmụmụ ihe a chọrọ iji gboo mkpa a.
Ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ sitere n'okike, ọkachasị ndị dabere na ihe ọkụkụ, egosila ikike na nyocha nke usoro nchịkwa anwụnta ugbu a na n'ọdịnihu [22, 23, 24].Ọtụtụ nchọpụta egosila na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịchịkwa ndị na-ahụ maka anwụnta dị mkpa site na iji ngwaahịa osisi, karịsịa mmanụ ndị dị mkpa (EO), dị ka ndị na-egbu ndị okenye.Achọpụtala ihe ndị okenye megide ụfọdụ ụdị anwụnta dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ mmanụ nri dị ka celery, cumin, zedoaria, anise, ose ọkpọkọ, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Etuchlois, Co. ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata na Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].A na-eji Ethylene oxide ugbu a ọ bụghị naanị n'onwe ya, kamakwa yana ngwakọta na ihe ọkụkụ ewepụtara ma ọ bụ ọgwụ pesticides sịntetik dị ugbu a, na-emepụta ogo dị iche iche nke nsi.Ngwakọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ ọdịnala dị ka organophosphates, carbamates na pyrethroids na ethylene oxide / ihe ọkụkụ osisi na-eme synergistically ma ọ bụ na-emegide ya na mmetụta ha na-egbu egbu ma gosi na ọ dị irè megide ọrịa vectors na pests [31,32,33,34,35].Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ nnyocha e mere na synergistic nsi mmetụta nke nchikota nke phytochemicals na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị sịntetik kemịkalụ e mere na ugbo vectors na pests kama na ọgwụ mkpa anwụnta.Ọzọkwa, ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ọrụ na mmetụta synergistic nke ihe ọkụkụ-synthetic ụmụ ahụhụ na-ejikọta megide ndị na-ahụ maka anwụnta elekwasịwo anya na mmetụta larvicidal.
N'ime nyocha gara aga nke ndị ode akwụkwọ mere dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ nyocha na-aga n'ihu na-enyocha ihe egwu sitere na osisi nri ụmụ amaala na Thailand, ethylene oxides sitere na Cyperus rotundus, galangal na cinnamon nwere ike ime megide Aedes okenye.Egypt [36].Ya mere, ihe omumu a bu n'obi nyochaa irè nke EO dịpụrụ adịpụ na osisi ọgwụ ndị a megide anwụnta Aedes.aegypti, gụnyere ụdị pyrethroid na-eguzogide ọgwụ na mmetụta mmetụta.A na-enyochakwa mmetụta synergistic nke ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ nke ethylene oxide na synthetic pyrethroids na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ndị okenye iji belata ojiji nke ụmụ ahụhụ ọdịnala na ịbawanye nguzogide anwụnta, karịsịa megide Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Edemede a na-akọ nkọwa kemịkal nke mmanụ dị mkpa dị irè yana ikike ha nwere ịkwalite nsí nke permethrin sịntetik megide anwụnta Aedes.aegypti na pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) na ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ (PMD-R).
Rhizomes nke C. rotundus na A. galanga na ogbugbo nke C. verum (Fig 1) ejiri maka mmịpụta mmanụ dị mkpa zụtara n'aka ndị na-eweta ọgwụ herbal na Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.Achọpụtara nchọpụta sayensị nke osisi ndị a site na ịgakwuru Mr. James Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Department of Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, na ọkà mmụta sayensị Wannari Charoensap;na Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Carnegie Mellon University, Ms. Voucher specimens nke ọ bụla osisi na-echekwara na Ngalaba Parasitology na Carnegie Mellon University School of Medicine maka ọdịnihu ojiji.
A na-ekpochapụ ihe ọkụkụ n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu maka ụbọchị 3-5 n'ime oghere nke nwere ikuku ikuku na-arụ ọrụ yana okpomọkụ nke ihe dịka 30 ± 5 Celsius C iji wepụ ọdịnaya mmiri tupu mmịpụta mmanụ dị mkpa (EOs).Ngụkọta nke 250 g nke ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla kpọrọ nkụ bụ nke a na-eji ígwè kụrie ya ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ntụ na-adịghị ahụkebe ma jiri ya kewapụ mmanụ ndị dị mkpa (EOs) site na ntucha uzuoku.Ngwa distillation ahụ nwere uwe mkpuchi ọkụ eletrik, flask 3000 mL gburugburu, kọlụm mmịpụta, condenser, na ngwaọrụ Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) .Tinye 1600 ml mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na 10-15 iko beads na flask wee kpoo ya na ihe dịka 100 Celsius site na iji ọkụ eletrik ma ọ dịkarịa ala awa 3 ruo mgbe distillation zuru ezu ma ọ dịghị ọzọ EO na-emepụta.Ekewapụrụ oyi akwa EO site na mmiri mmiri na-eji oghere nkewa, nke a mịrị amị n'elu sodium sulfate anhydrous (Na2SO4) ma chekwaa ya na karama agba aja aja na 4 Celsius C ruo mgbe a na-enyocha ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ na ọrụ okenye.
A na-eme ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ mmanụ dị mkpa n'otu oge yana bioassay maka ihe okenye.Emere nyocha nke ọma site na iji usoro GC-MS nke nwere Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gas chromatograph nke nwere otu ihe nchọta ọnụọgụ quadrupole (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) na MSD 5975C (EI). ).(Agilent Teknụzụ).
Kọlụm Chromatographic – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri 0.25 µm).Oge ịgba ọsọ GC-MS bụ nkeji iri abụọ.Ọnọdụ nyocha bụ na injector na nnyefe akara okpomọkụ bụ 250 na 280 Celsius, n'otu n'otu;A na-edobe ọkụ ọkụ ka ọ na-abawanye site na 50 ° C ruo 250 ° C na ọnụego 10 ° C / min, gas na-ebu bụ helium;ọnụego eruba 1.0 ml / min;Olu ogwugwu bụ 0.2 µL (1/10% site na olu na CH2Cl2, nkewa nkewa 100: 1);A na-eji sistemu ionization eletrọn nwere ike ionization nke 70 eV maka nchọpụta GC-MS.Oke nnweta bụ 50–550 atomic mass units (amu) yana ọsọ nyocha bụ 2.91 nyocha kwa sekọnd.A na-akọwapụta pasentị ndị emetụtara dị ka pasentị emeziri site na mpaghara kacha elu.Achọpụta ihe ndị EO sitere na ndenye njide ha (RI).A gbakọrọ RI site na iji nhata nke Van den Dool na Kratz [37] maka usoro n-alkanes (C8-C40) ma jiri ya tụnyere ndenye njide sitere na akwụkwọ [38] na ọdụ data ọba akwụkwọ (NIST 2008 na Wiley 8NO8).Achọpụtara njirimara nke ogige ndị ahụ, dị ka nhazi na usoro molecular, site n'iji tụnyere ezigbo samples dị.
Azụtara ụkpụrụ nyocha maka permethrin synthetic na piperonyl butoxide (PBO, njikwa dị mma na ọmụmụ mmekọrịta) site na Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).Ngwa nyocha nke ndị okenye nke World Health Organisation (WHO) na diagnostic doses nke permethrin impregnated (0.75%) ka a zụtara n'ahịa n'aka WHO Vector Control Center na Penang, Malaysia.Kemịkalụ na reagents ndị ọzọ ejiri bụ akara nyocha wee zụta n'aka ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.
Anwụnta ndị e ji mee ihe dị ka ihe nleba anya ule na bioassay okenye bụ anwụnta Aedes na-emekọ ọnụ n'efu.aegypti, gụnyere ụdị Muang Chiang Mai nwere ike ime (MCM-S) yana ụdị Pang Mai Dang na-eguzogide (PMD-R).E nwetara strain MCM-S site na nlele mpaghara anakọtara na mpaghara Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, ma na-echekwa ya n'ime ụlọ entomology nke Ngalaba Parasitology, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ nke CMU, kemgbe 1995 [39].Ụdị PMD-R, bụ nke achọpụtara na ọ na-eguzogide permethrin, dịpụrụ adịpụ site na anwụnta ubi nke anakọtara na mbụ na Ban Pang Mai Dang, Mae Tang District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, ma na-elekọta ya n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kemgbe 1997 [40] ].A na-etolite ụdị PMD-R n'okpuru nrụgide nhọrọ iji nọgide na-enwe ọkwa mgbochi site na ikpughe oge na 0.75% permethrin site na iji ngwa nchọpụta WHO nwere mgbanwe ụfọdụ [41].Ụdị nke ọ bụla nke Ae.Edebere Aedes aegypti n'otu n'otu na ụlọ nyocha na-enweghị nje na 25 ± 2 Celsius C na 80 ± 10% iru mmiri na oge 14:10 h ìhè / ọchịchịrị.A na-edobe ihe dị ka 200 larvae n'ime tray plastik (33 cm ogologo, 28 cm n'obosara na 9 cm dị elu) jupụtara na mmiri mgbata na njupụta nke 150-200 larvae kwa tray ma na-eri nri ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị na biscuits nkịta gbasiri ike.A na-edobe ikpuru ndị okenye n'ụlọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-enye ya nri sucrose 10% nke mmiri mmiri na ngwọta 10% multivitamin.Anwụnta ụmụ nwanyị na-aṅụ ọbara mgbe niile iji tinye akwa.Enwere ike iji ụmụ nwanyị dị ụbọchị abụọ ruo ụbọchị ise na-eribeghị nri ọbara n'oge na-aga n'ihu na nyocha ndị okenye na-eme nnwale.
A na-eme bioassay bioassay nke ọnwụ dose na ụmụ nwanyị toro eto Aedes anwụnta.aegypti, MCM-S na PMD-R na-eji usoro isiokwu emezigharịrị dị ka ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ WHO si dị maka nnwale nhụsianya [42].EO sitere na osisi ọ bụla ejiri ihe mgbaze dabara adaba (dịka ethanol ma ọ bụ acetone) tinye ya n'usoro iji nweta usoro nchịkọta 4-6 gụsịrị akwụkwọ.Mgbe mgbanyụ ọkụ na carbon dioxide (CO2), a tụrụ anwụnta n'otu n'otu.A na-edobe anwụnta ndị a na-agba ume ka ọ ghara imegharị n'ime akwụkwọ nzacha akọrọ na efere oyi omenala n'okpuru stereomicroscope iji gbochie ịmaliteghachi n'oge usoro ahụ.Maka ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla, a na-etinye 0.1 μl nke ngwọta EO na pronotum elu nke nwanyị site na iji microdispenser handheld Hamilton (700 Series Microliter ™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA).A na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị iri abụọ na ise na ntinye nke ọ bụla, na-anwụ site na 10% ruo 95% maka opekata mpe 4 dị iche iche.Anwụnta ejiri ihe mgbaze emeso ya bụ njikwa.Iji gbochie mmetọ nke nlele ule, jiri akwụkwọ nzacha ọhụrụ dochie akwụkwọ nzacha maka EO ọ bụla nwalere.A na-egosipụta dose ndị a na-eji na bioassays ndị a na micrograms nke EO kwa milligram nke ịdị arọ ahụ nwanyị dị ndụ.A na-enyochakwa ọrụ PBO ndị okenye n'otu ụzọ ahụ na EO, na-eji PBO mee ihe dị ka njikwa dị mma na nyocha synergistic.A na-etinye anwụnta a na-agwọ ọrịa na otu niile n'ime iko rọba ma nye ya 10% sucrose gbakwunyere 10% multivitamin sirop.Emere bioassays niile na 25 ± 2 Celsius C na 80 ± 10% iru mmiri dị na ya ma jiri njikwa mee ugboro anọ ugboro anọ.A na-enyocha ọnwụ n'oge oge ịzụrụ awa 24 wee kwenye site na enweghị nzaghachi anwụnta maka mkpali igwe wee dekọọ ya dabere na nkezi nke ugboro anọ.A na-emegharị ọgwụgwọ nnwale ugboro anọ maka nlele ule ọ bụla site na iji batches dị iche iche nke anwụnta.Achịkọtara nsonaazụ ya wee jiri gbakọọ ọnụọgụ ọnwụ, nke ejiri chọpụta ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nke awa 24 site na nyocha uru.
A na-enyocha mmetụta anticidal synergistic nke EO na permethrin site na iji usoro nyocha nke toxicity nke mpaghara [42] dị ka akọwara na mbụ.Jiri acetone ma ọ bụ ethanol dị ka ihe mgbaze iji kwadebe permethrin na ntinye uche a chọrọ, yana ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ nke EO na permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin jikọtara ya na EO na ntinye LD25).A tụlere ngwa ule (permethrin na EO-permethrin) megide ụdị MCM-S na PMD-R nke Ae.Aedes aegypti.Enyere nke ọ bụla n'ime anwụnta nwanyị 25 dose anọ nke permethrin iji nwalee ịdị irè ya n'igbu ndị okenye, na-agwọkwa ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ugboro anọ.Iji chọpụta onye nyocha EO synergists, 4 ruo 6 doses nke EO-permethrin ka a na-enye onye ọ bụla n'ime anwụnta nwanyị 25, na ngwa ọ bụla ugboro anọ.Ọgwụgwọ PBO-permethrin (permethrin jikọtara ya na ntinye uche LD25 nke PBO) rụkwara ọrụ dị ka njikwa dị mma.A na-egosipụta doses ndị a na-eji na bioassays ndị a na nanogram nke nlele nlele kwa milligram nke ịdị arọ ahụ nwanyị dị ndụ.A na-eme nyocha nnwale anọ maka ụdị anwụnta ọ bụla n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu, na achịkọta ma nyochaa data ọnwụ site na iji Probit iji chọpụta ọgwụ na-egbu egbu nke awa 24.
A gbanwere ọnụọgụ ọnwụ site na iji usoro Abbott [43].A na-enyocha data emeziri site na nyocha Probit regression site na iji mmemme ọnụ ọgụgụ kọmputa SPSS (ụdị 19.0).A na-agbakọ ụkpụrụ igbu egbu nke 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% na 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 na LD99 n'otu n'otu) site na iji oge ntụkwasị obi 95% kwekọrọ (95% CI).A na-enyocha ihe ndị dị mkpa na ndịiche dị n'etiti ihe nlele ule site na iji ule chi-square ma ọ bụ ule Mann-Whitney U n'ime nyocha ọ bụla dị ndụ.Ahụrụ nsonaazụ ya dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa na P<0.05.A na-eme atụmatụ ọnụọgụ nguzogide (RR) na ọkwa LD50 site na iji usoro a [12]:
RR> 1 na-egosi nguzogide, na RR ≤ 1 na-egosi uche.A na-agbakọ ọnụ ahịa mmekọrịta (SR) nke onye ọ bụla na-aga ime synergist dị ka ndị a [34, 35, 44]:
Ihe a na-ekewa nsonaazụ ahụ n'ime ụzọ atọ: a na-ewere uru SR nke 1 ± 0.05 enweghị mmetụta pụtara ìhè, a na-ewere uru SR nke> 1.05 nwere mmetụta synergistic, yana uru SR nke mmanụ mmiri mmiri na-acha odo odo nwere ike ịbụ. nwetara site uzuoku distillation nke rhizomes nke C. rotundus na A. galanga na ogbugbo nke C. verum.Mmụba a gbakọrọ na ịdị arọ kpọrọ nkụ bụ 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), na 0.54% (v/v).w) n'otu n'otu (Table 1).GC-MS ọmụmụ nke chemical mejupụtara nke mmanụ C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum gosiri ọnụnọ nke 19, 17 na 21 ogige, nke gụrụ 80,22, 86.75 na 97.24% nke niile components, karị (Table 2). ).C. lucidum rhizome mmanụ ogige bụ tumadi bụ cyperonene (14.04%), sochiri carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), na α-capsellan (7.53%).Isi ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ mmanụ galangal rhizome bụ β-bisabolene (18.27%), sochiri α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) na piperonol (10.09%).Ọ bụ ezie na a chọpụtara cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) dị ka isi ihe dị na mmanụ C. verum ogbugbo, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) na 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) bụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka obere ihe.Ọdịdị kemịkalụ nke cyperne, β-bisabolene na cinnamaldehyde bụ akụkụ ndị bụ isi nke C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum, n'otu n'otu, dịka egosiri na foto 2.
Nsonaazụ sitere na OO atọ nyochara ọrụ okenye megide anwụnta Aedes.E gosipụtara anwụnta aegypti na Tebụl 3. Achọpụtara EO niile nwere mmetụta na-egbu egbu na anwụnta MCM-S Aedes n'ụdị na usoro dị iche iche.Aedes aegypti.EO kachasị dị irè bụ C. verum, sochiri A. galanga na C. rotundus na ụkpụrụ LD50 nke 3.30, 7.97 na 10.05 μg / mg MCM-S ụmụ nwanyị, dịtụ elu karịa 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) na 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg / mg PMD -R n'ime ụmụ nwanyị.Nke a kwekọrọ na PBO nwere mmetụta dị elu dị elu karịa na PMD-R karịa ụdị MSM-S, yana ụkpụrụ LD50 nke 4.79 na 6.30 μg / mg nwanyị, n'otu n'otu (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Ọ nwere ike gbakọọ na LD50 ụkpụrụ nke C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus na PBO megide PMD-R bụ mkpokọta 0,98, 0,99, 0,95 na 0,76 ugboro ala karịa ndị megide MCM-S, karị.Ya mere, nke a na-egosi na ike dị na PBO na EO dị n'etiti ụdị abụọ Aedes.Ọ bụ ezie na PMD-R dị mfe karịa MCM-S, mmetụta nke Aedes aegypti adịghị mkpa.N'ụzọ dị iche, ụdị Aedes abụọ ahụ dị iche iche na mmetụta ha nwere na permethrin.aegypti (Table 4).PMD-R gosipụtara nguzogide dị ịrịba ama na permethrin ( LD50 uru = 0.44 ng / mg na ụmụ nwanyị) na LD50 dị elu nke 3.70 tụnyere MCM-S ( LD50 uru = 0.44 ng / mg na ụmụ nwanyị ) ng / mg na ụmụ nwanyị (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Ọ bụ ezie na PMD-R adịghị enwe mmetụta nke permethrin karịa MCM-S, mmetụta ya na PBO na C. verum, A. galanga, na C. rotundus mmanụ dị ntakịrị elu karịa MCM-S.
Dị ka a hụrụ na bioassay nke ndị okenye nke EO-permethrin, ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ nke permethrin na EO (LD25) gosipụtara ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta (uru SR> 1.05) ma ọ bụ enweghị mmetụta (uru SR = 1 ± 0.05).Mmetụta ndị okenye gbagwojuru anya nke ngwakọta EO-permethrin na anwụnta albino nnwale.Aedes aegypti strains MCM-S na PMD-R ka egosiri na Tebụl 4 na eserese 3. Achọpụtara mgbakwunye mmanụ C. verum ka ọ belata LD50 nke permethrin megide MCM-S wee mee ka LD50 dị ntakịrị megide PMD-R ruo 0.44- 0.42 ng / mg na ụmụ nwanyị na site na 3.70 ruo 3.85 ng / mg na ụmụ nwanyị, n'otu n'otu.N'ụzọ dị iche, mgbakwunye nke C. rotundus na mmanụ A. galanga na-ebelata LD50 nke permethrin na MCM-S site na 0.44 ruo 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) na 0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg ụmụ nwanyị.Dabere na ụkpụrụ LD50 nke MCM-S, ụkpụrụ SR nke ngwakọta EO-permethrin mgbe mgbakwunye nke mmanụ C. rotundus na A. galanga bụ 6.28 na 4.00, n'otu n'otu.N'ihi ya, LD50 nke permethrin megide PMD-R belatara nke ukwuu site na 3.70 ruo 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) na 0.003 na mgbakwunye nke mmanụ C. rotundus na A. galanga mmanụ (U = 0). ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg nwanyi.Uru SR nke permethrin jikọtara ya na C. rotundus megide PMD-R bụ 8.81, ebe uru SR nke galangal-permethrin ngwakọta bụ 1233.33.N'ihe metụtara MCM-S, uru LD50 nke njikwa dị mma PBO belatara site na 0.44 ruo 0.26 ng / mg (ụmụ nwanyị) na site na 3.70 ng / mg (ụmụ nwanyị) ruo 0.65 ng / mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P) = 0.029) na PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Ụkpụrụ SR nke ngwakọta PBO-permethrin maka ụdị MCM-S na PMD-R bụ 1.69 na 5.69, n'otu n'otu.Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi na mmanụ C. rotundus na A. galanga na PBO na-eme ka toxicity permethrin dịkwuo ukwuu karịa mmanụ C. verum maka nsogbu MCM-S na PMD-R.
Ọrụ ndị okenye (LD50) nke EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) na njikọ ha megide pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) na mgbochi (PMD-R) nke anwụnta Aedes.Aedes aegypti
[45].A na-eji pyrethroid sịntetik eme ihe n'ụwa niile iji chịkwaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ arthropods niile dị mkpa ọrụ ugbo na ọgwụ.Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na-emerụ ya pụta nke iji sịntetik ụmụ ahụhụ, karịsịa na okwu nke mmepe na zuru ebe nile iguzogide anwụnta, nakwa dị ka mmetụta na ogologo oge ahụ ike na gburugburu ebe obibi, e nwere ugbu a mkpa ngwa ngwa ibelata ojiji. nke ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ synthetic ọdịnala ma mepụta ụzọ ọzọ [35, 46, 47].Na mgbakwunye na ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ, uru nke ụmụ ahụhụ botanical gụnyere oke nhọrọ, nnweta zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ịdị mfe nke mmepụta na iji ya eme ihe, na-eme ka ha mara mma maka nchịkwa anwụnta [32,48, 49].Ọmụmụ ihe a, na mgbakwunye na ịkọwapụta njirimara kemịkalụ nke mmanụ dị mkpa dị irè site na nyocha GC-MS, tụlekwara ike mmanụ ndị okenye dị mkpa na ikike ha ịkwalite nsí nke permethrin synthetic.aegypti na pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) na ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ (PMD-R).
Nkọwa GC-MS gosiri na cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) na cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) bụ isi ihe dị na C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum mmanụ, n'otu n'otu.Kemịkalụ ndị a egosipụtala ọrụ ndu dị iche iche.Ahn et al.[50] kọrọ na 6-acetoxycyperene, dịpụrụ adịpụ na rhizome nke C. rotundus, na-eme dị ka ihe mgbochi mgbochi ma nwee ike ịkpata apoptosis na-adabere na caspase na mkpụrụ ndụ cancer ovarian.β-Bisabolene, nke ewepụtara na mmanụ dị mkpa nke osisi myrrh, na-egosipụta cytotoxicity kpọmkwem megide mkpụrụ ndụ tumor mammary mammary ma na vitro na in vivo [51].Cinnamaldehyde, nke enwetara site na ihe ndị sitere n'okike ma ọ bụ ejikọta ya na ụlọ nyocha, ka akọọrọ na ọ nwere ụmụ ahụhụ, antibacterial, antifungal, mgbochi mkpali, immunomodulatory, anticancer, na antiangiogenic omume [52].
Nsonaazụ nke bioassay okenye na-adabere na dose ahụ gosipụtara ikike dị mma nke ndị EO a nwalere wee gosi na ụdị anwụnta Aedes MCM-S na PMD-R nwere mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na EO na PBO.Aedes aegypti.Ntụle nke ịdị irè nke EO na permethrin gosiri na nke ikpeazụ nwere mmetụta allercidal siri ike: ụkpụrụ LD50 bụ 0.44 na 3.70 ng / mg na ụmụ nwanyị maka nsogbu MCM-S na PMD-R, n'otu n'otu.A na-akwado nchoputa ndị a site n'ọtụtụ nchọpụta na-egosi na ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu na-emekarị, karịsịa ngwaahịa ndị sitere na osisi, adịghị arụ ọrụ n'ozuzu karịa ihe sịntetik [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na nke mbụ bụ ngwakọta mgbagwoju anya nke ihe na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ebe nke ikpeazụ bụ otu ihe na-arụ ọrụ dị ọcha.Otú ọ dị, ọdịiche dị iche iche na mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche nwere ike ime ka ọrụ ndụ dịkwuo elu ma ọ bụ gbochie mmepe nke nguzogide na ndị ọbịa [55, 56, 57].Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta akọpụtawo ikike mgbochi anwụnta nke C. verum, A. galanga na C. rotundus na akụkụ ha dị ka β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde na 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61; 62,63,64].Otú ọ dị, nyochaa akwụkwọ ndị ahụ gosiri na ọ dịghị akụkọ gara aga banyere mmetụta synergistic ya na permethrin ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe megide anwụnta Aedes.Aedes aegypti.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, a hụrụ nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ike nke permethrin n'etiti eriri abụọ Aedes.Aedes aegypti.MCM-S na-enwe mmetụta maka permethrin, ebe PMD-R na-enwechaghị mmetụta na ya, yana ọnụego nguzogide nke 8.41.N'iji ya tụnyere uche nke MCM-S, PMD-R adịghị enwe mmetụta nke permethrin mana ọ na-enwe mmetụta maka EO, na-enye ihe ndabere maka ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ iji mee ka permethrin dịkwuo mma site na ijikọta ya na EO.Nchikota synergistic dabere na bioassay maka mmetụta ndị okenye gosiri na ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ nke EO na permethrin belatara ma ọ bụ mụbaa ọnwụ nke okenye Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Mgbakwunye nke C. verum mmanụ ntakịrị belatara LD50 nke permethrin megide MCM-S mana abawanyewanye LD50 megide PMD-R na ụkpụrụ SR nke 1.05 na 0.96, n'otu n'otu.Nke a na-egosi na mmanụ C. verum enweghị mmetụta synergistic ma ọ bụ antagonistic na permethrin mgbe a nwalere ya na MCM-S na PMD-R.N'ụzọ dị iche, mmanụ C. rotundus na A. galanga gosipụtara mmetụta synergistic dị ịrịba ama site na ibelata LD50 ụkpụrụ nke permethrin na MCM-S ma ọ bụ PMD-R.Mgbe permethrin jikọtara ya na EO nke C. rotundus na A. galanga, ụkpụrụ SR nke ngwakọta EO-permethrin maka MCM-S bụ 6.28 na 4.00, n'otu n'otu.Ọzọkwa, mgbe a na-enyocha permethrin megide PMD-R na njikọ C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) ma ọ bụ A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), ụkpụrụ SR mụbara nke ukwuu.Ọ dị mma ịmara na ma C. rotundus na A. galanga kwalitere nsi nke permethrin megide PMD-R Ae.aegypti nke ukwuu.N'otu aka ahụ, a chọpụtara na PBO na-abawanye nsí nke permethrin na ụkpụrụ SR nke 1.69 na 5.69 maka nsogbu MCM-S na PMD-R, n'otu n'otu.Ebe ọ bụ na C. rotundus na A. galanga nwere ụkpụrụ SR kachasị elu, a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị synergists kachasị mma na-eme ka toxicity permethrin dị na MCM-S na PMD-R, n'otu n'otu.
Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ gara aga akọwo mmetụta synergistic nke ngwakọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ sịntetik na ihe ọkụkụ megide ụdị anwụnta dị iche iche.Nnyocha bioassay nke larvicidal megide Anopheles Stephensi nke Kalayanasundaram na Das [65] mụrụ gosiri na fenthion, organophosphate sara mbara, jikọtara ya na Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax na Parthenium hysterophorus.A hụrụ mmekọrịta dị ịrịba ama n'etiti ihe ndị ahụ nwere mmetụta synergistic (SF) nke 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 na 2.23, n'otu n'otu.Na nyocha larvicidal nke ụdị mangrove iri na ise, a chọpụtara na mmanụ mmanụ ether nke mgbọrọgwụ mangrove na-adị irè megide Culex quinquefasciatus na uru LC50 nke 25.7 mg / L [66].A kọkwara mmetụta synergistic nke wepụ a na pyrethrum nke ụmụ ahụhụ botanical iji belata LC50 nke pyrethrum megide C. quinquefasciatus larvae site na 0.132 mg / L ruo 0.107 mg / L, na mgbakwunye, a na-eji nchịkọta SF nke 1.23 mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe a.34,35,44].Ngwakọta arụmọrụ nke Solanum citron mgbọrọgwụ wepụ na ọtụtụ ọgwụ ahụhụ sịntetik (dịka ọmụmaatụ, fenthion, cypermethrin (pyrethroid synthetic) na timethphos (organophosphorus larvicide)) megide anwụnta Anopheles.Stephensi [54] na C. quinquefasciatus [34].Ejikọtara ọnụ nke cypermethrin na mkpụrụ osisi petroleum ether wepụ gosipụtara mmetụta synergistic na cypermethrin na oke niile.Oke kachasị dị irè bụ 1: 1 ọnụọgụ abụọ na LC50 na SF ụkpụrụ nke 0.0054 ppm na 6.83, n'otu n'otu, n'ihe metụtara An.Stephen West[54].Ọ bụ ezie na 1: 1 ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ nke S. xanthocarpum na temephos bụ mmegide (SF = 0.6406), nchịkọta S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1: 1) gosipụtara ọrụ synergistic megide C. quinquefasciatus na SF nke 1.3125 [34].Tong na Blomquist [35] mụrụ mmetụta ethylene oxide osisi na nsi nke carbaryl (carbamate sara mbara) na permethrin nye anwụnta Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Nsonaazụ gosiri na ethylene oxide sitere na agar, ose ojii, osisi junipa, helichrysum, sandalwood na sesame mụbara nsi nke carbaryl na anwụnta Aedes.Aegypti larvae SR ụkpụrụ dị iche site na 1.0 ruo 7.0.N'ụzọ dị iche, ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime EO bụ ndị na-egbu egbu nye anwụnta Aedes toro eto.N'oge a, ọ nweghị mmetụta synergistic ka akọpụtala maka njikọta nke Aedes aegypti na EO-carbaryl.Ejiri PBO mee ihe dị ka njikwa dị mma iji kwalite nsị nke carbaryl megide anwụnta Aedes.Ụkpụrụ SR nke Aedes aegypti larvae na ndị okenye bụ 4.9-9.5 na 2.3, n'otu n'otu.Naanị ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ nke permethrin na EO ma ọ bụ PBO ka a nwalere maka ọrụ larvicidal.Ngwakọta EO-permethrin nwere mmetụta mmegide, ebe ngwakọta PBO-permethrin nwere mmetụta synergistic megide anwụnta Aedes.Larvae nke Aedes aegypti.Agbanyeghị, emebebeghị nnwale nzaghachi dose na nyocha SR maka ngwakọta PBO-permethrin.Ọ bụ ezie na a nwetawo nsonaazụ ole na ole banyere mmetụta synergistic nke njikọ phytosynthetic megide ndị na-ahụ maka anwụnta, data ndị a na-akwado nsonaazụ ndị dị ugbu a, nke na-emepe atụmanya nke ịgbakwunye synergists ọ bụghị nanị iji belata dose nke etinyere, kamakwa iji mee ka mmetụta igbu mmadụ dịkwuo elu.Ịrụ ọrụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ.Ọzọkwa, nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a gosipụtara na nke mbụ na mmanụ C. rotundus na A. galanga synergistically na-arụ ọrụ dị elu karịa pyrethroid-susceptible na pyrethroid-eguzogide anwụnta nke Aedes anwụnta tụnyere PBO mgbe ejikọtara ya na permethrin toxicity.Aedes aegypti.Otú ọ dị, ihe a na-atụghị anya ya sitere na nyocha synergistic gosiri na mmanụ C. verum nwere ọrụ mgbochi kachasị ukwuu megide ụdị Aedes abụọ.N'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, mmetụta nsị nke permethrin na Aedes aegypti enweghị afọ ojuju.Ọdịiche dị na mmetụta nsị na mmetụta synergistic nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi akụkụ nke ikpughe ụdị dị iche iche na ọkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na mmanụ ndị a.
N'agbanyeghị mgbalị iji ghọta otu esi emeziwanye arụmọrụ, usoro synergistic ka edoghị anya.Ihe ndị nwere ike ime maka ịdị irè dị iche iche na ikike imekọrịta ihe nwere ike ịgụnye ọdịiche dị na nhazi kemịkalụ nke ngwaahịa a nwalere na ọdịiche dị na nkwụsị anwụnta metụtara ọnọdụ nkwụsị na mmepe.Enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ndị bụ isi na obere ethylene oxide a nwalere n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, na ụfọdụ n'ime ogige ndị a egosila na ha nwere mmetụta na-asọ oyi na nsị megide ụdị pests na ọrịa dị iche iche [61,62,64,67,68].Otú ọ dị, ndị isi ogige e ji mara na C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum mmanụ, dị ka cypern, β-bisabolene na cinnamaldehyde, anwaleghị n'akwụkwọ a maka mgbochi ndị okenye na synergistic omume megide Ae, n'otu n'otu.Aedes aegypti.Ya mere, a chọrọ ọmụmụ ihe n'ọdịnihu iji kewapụ ihe ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị na mmanụ ọ bụla dị mkpa ma kọwaa irè ụmụ ahụhụ ha na mmekọrịta synergistic megide vector anwụnta a.N'ozuzu, ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-adabere na omume na mmeghachi omume n'etiti nsị na anụ ahụ ụmụ ahụhụ, nke nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ma kewaa n'ime usoro atọ: ịbanye n'ime anụ ahụ anụ ahụ na akpụkpọ anụ ahụ ezubere iche, ịgbalite (= mmekọrịta ya na ihe mgbaru ọsọ) na detoxification.ihe na-egbu egbu [57, 69].Ya mere, synergism ụmụ ahụhụ na-akpata ịba ụba irè nke nchịkọta ihe nsi na-achọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị ndị a, dị ka ịba ụba nke ntinye, ịgbalite ogige ndị gbakọtara, ma ọ bụ na-ebelata detoxification nke ihe na-arụ ọrụ pesticide.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnabata ike na-egbu oge ịbanye n'ime cuticle site na cuticle na-eguzogide ọgwụ na biochemical, dị ka mmụba nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahụ na ụfọdụ ụdị ahụhụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ [70, 71].Mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke EO n'ịbawanye nsị nke permethrin, karịsịa megide PMD-R, nwere ike igosi ngwọta maka nsogbu nke nkwụsị nke ụmụ ahụhụ site na ịmekọrịta usoro nkwụsị [57, 69, 70, 71].Tong na Blomquist [35] kwadoro nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a site n'igosi mmekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti EO na ọgwụ pesticides sịntetik.aegypti, enwere ihe akaebe nke ọrụ inhibitory megide enzymes detoxifying, gụnyere cytochrome P450 monooxygenases na carboxylesterases, nke jikọtara ya na mmepe nke iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi ọdịnala.Ọ bụghị naanị na a na-ekwu PBO na ọ bụ onye na-egbochi metabolic nke cytochrome P450 monooxygenase kamakwa ọ na-eme ka ntinye nke ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka egosipụtara site na iji ya dị ka njikwa dị mma na nchọpụta synergistic [35,72].N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, 1,8-cineole, otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa dị na mmanụ galangal, mara maka mmetụta ya na-egbu egbu na ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ [22, 63, 73] na a kọwawo na ọ nwere mmetụta synergistic n'ọtụtụ ebe nyocha ọrụ ndụ [ 74]..,75,76,77].Na mgbakwunye, 1,8-cineole jikọtara ya na ọgwụ dị iche iche gụnyere curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] na zidovudine [81] nwekwara mmetụta na-akwalite permeation.na vitro.Ya mere, ọrụ 1,8-cineole nwere ike ịrụ na synergistic insecticidal act bụ ọ bụghị naanị dị ka ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike kamakwa dị ka nkwalite ntinye.N'ihi ka ukwuu synergism na permethrin, karịsịa megide PMD-R, synergistic mmetụta nke galangal mmanụ na trichosanthes mmanụ hụrụ na ọmụmụ a nwere ike pụta site na mmekọrịta na-eguzogide usoro, ie mụbara permeability na chlorine.Pyrethroids na-abawanye ọrụ nke ogige ndị gbakọtara ma na-egbochi enzymes na-emebi ihe dị ka cytochrome P450 monooxygenases na carboxylesterases.Otú ọ dị, akụkụ ndị a na-achọkwu ọmụmụ ihe iji kọwaa kpọmkwem ọrụ EO na ogige ya dịpụrụ adịpụ (naanị ma ọ bụ jikọtara ya) na usoro synergistic.
N'afọ 1977, a kọwapụtara mmụba nke nguzogide permethrin na ndị isi vector na Thailand, na n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọgwụ ndị ọzọ pyrethroid nọchiri anya iji permethrin eme ihe, ọkachasị ndị deltamethrin dochie anya [82].Otú ọ dị, vector iguzogide deltamethrin na klaasị nke ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ahụ n'ihi oke oke na iji ya eme ihe [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].Iji luso nsogbu a ọgụ, a na-atụ aro ka ị gbanwee ma ọ bụ megharịa ọgwụ nje ndị a tụfuru atụfu bụ́ ndị na-adịbu adị irè na ndị na-adịchaghị egbu egbu nye anụ mamma, dị ka permethrin.Ugbu a, ọ bụ ezie na ejiri permethrin belatara na mmemme nchịkwa anwụnta nke gọọmentị mba na nso nso a, a ka nwere ike ịhụ nguzogide permethrin n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta.Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ikpughe anwụnta na ngwaahịa na-achịkwa pests nke ụlọ ahịa, nke kachasị mejupụtara permethrin na pyrethroid ndị ọzọ [14, 17].Ya mere, iji nwetaghachi permethrin na-aga nke ọma chọrọ mmepe na mmejuputa atumatu iji belata nguzogide vector.Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị mmanụ dị mkpa a nwalere n'otu n'otu na ọmụmụ ihe a dị irè dị ka permethrin, imekọ ihe ọnụ na permethrin rụpụtara nnukwu mmetụta synergistic.Nke a bụ ihe ngosi na-ekwe nkwa na mmekọrịta nke EO na usoro nguzogide na-eme ka njikọ nke permethrin na EO dị irè karịa ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ EO naanị, karịsịa megide PMD-R Ae.Aedes aegypti.Uru nke ngwakọta synergistic na-abawanye arụmọrụ, n'agbanyeghị iji obere doses maka njikwa vector, nwere ike iduga njikwa nguzogide ka mma yana belata ọnụ ahịa [33, 87].Site na nsonaazụ ndị a, ọ na-atọ ụtọ ịhụ na A. galanga na C. rotundus EO dị irè karịa PBO na synergizing permethrin toxicity na ma MCM-S na PMD-R strains ma bụrụ ihe ọzọ nwere ike ime na enyemaka ergogenic omenala.
Ndị EO ahọpụtara nwere mmetụta synergistic dị ịrịba ama na ịkwalite nsị ndị okenye megide PMD-R Ae.aegypti, karịsịa mmanụ galangal, nwere uru SR ruo 1233.33, na-egosi na EO nwere nkwa sara mbara dị ka synergist na-eme ka irè nke permethrin dịkwuo mma.Nke a nwere ike kpalite ojiji nke ngwaahịa okike ọhụrụ na-arụ ọrụ, nke ọnụ nwere ike ịbawanye ojiji nke ngwaahịa na-achịkwa anwụnta dị oke mma.Ọ na-ekpughekwa ike nke ethylene oxide dị ka onye ọzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji meziwanye nke ọma na ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị agadi ma ọ bụ omenala iji dozie nsogbu ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ dị na ndị anwụnta.Iji osisi dị ngwa ngwa na mmemme nchịkwa anwụnta ọ bụghị naanị na-ebelata ịdabere na ihe ndị a na-ebubata na nke dị oke ọnụ, kamakwa na-akpali mbọ mpaghara iji wusie usoro ahụike ọha ike.
Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya mmetụta synergistic dị ịrịba ama na-emepụta site na nchikota ethylene oxide na permethrin.Nsonaazụ na-egosipụta ike nke ethylene oxide dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na njikwa anwụnta, na-abawanye irè nke permethrin megide anwụnta, karịsịa na ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.Mmepe na nyocha n'ọdịnihu ga-achọ bioanalysis synergistic nke galangal na mmanụ alpinia na ogige ha dịpụrụ adịpụ, ngwakọta nke ụmụ ahụhụ sitere n'okike ma ọ bụ sịntetik megide ọtụtụ ụdị na ọkwa anwụnta, yana nnwale nsi megide ihe ndị na-abụghị ebumnuche.Iji ethylene oxide eme ihe bara uru dị ka onye na-emekọrịta ihe ọzọ nwere ike ime.
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