Dị ka ihe dị mkpa na-ekwe nkwa maka ihe ọkụkụ kwụsiri ike na nke siri ike, ọgwụ pesticides kemịkalụ na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị atụ na njikwa ụmụ ahụhụ.Neonicotinoids bụ ọgwụ pesticide kacha mkpa n'ụwa.Edebanyela ha aha maka ojiji na China na ihe karịrị mba 120 gụnyere European Union, United States, na Canada.Oke ahịa na-enweta ihe karịrị 25% nke ụwa.Ọ na-ahọrọ ndị na-anabata nicotinic acetylcholinesterase (nAChRs) n'ime sistemu ụjọ ahụhụ, na-eme ka usoro ụjọ ahụ kwụsị ma na-akpata ọnwụ ụmụ ahụhụ, ma nwee mmetụta nchịkwa dị mma na Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, na ọbụna pests ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.Site na Septemba 2021, enwere ọgwụ nje neonicotinoid iri na abụọ edebara aha na obodo m, ya bụ imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothesianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Enwere ihe karịrị ụdị 3,400 nke ngwaahịa nkwadebe gụnyere nitrile, chlorpyrazine, pipe cyclopyroprid. , n'etiti nke ogige nkwadebe ihe karịrị 31%.Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram na ndị ọzọ.
Site na ntinye ego buru ibu nke neonicotinoid na-aga n'ihu na gburugburu ebe obibi ọrụ ugbo, ọtụtụ nsogbu sayensị dị ka nguzogide ebumnuche, ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahụike mmadụ abụrụla nke a ma ama.N'afọ 2018, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ọhịa aphid owu na mpaghara Xinjiang zụlitere oke na ọkwa dị elu nke iguzogide ụmụ ahụhụ neonicotinoid, n'ime nke iguzogide imidacloprid, acetamiprid na thiamethoxam mụbara site na ugboro 85.2-412 na ugboro 221-777, n'otu n'otu yana ugboro 122 ruo 1,099. .Ọmụmụ mba ụwa banyere nguzogide ọgwụ nke ndị Bemisia tabaci gosikwara na site na 2007 ruo 2010, Bemisia tabaci gosipụtara nguzogide dị elu na pesticides neonicotinoid, karịsịa imidacloprid na thiacloprid.Nke abuo, neonicotinoid ụmụ ahụhụ ọ bụghị nanị na-emetụta njupụta nke ndị mmadụ, omume nri, ohere ohere na thermoregulation nke aṅụ, ma na-enwe nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ na mmepe na mmeputakwa nke earthworms.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, site na 1994 ruo 2011, ọnụọgụ nchọpụta nke neonicotinoid pesticides na mmamịrị mmadụ mụbara nke ukwuu, na-egosi na oriri na-apụtaghị ìhè na nchịkọta anụ ahụ nke pesticides neonicotinoid na-abawanye kwa afọ.Site na microdialysis na ụbụrụ oke, achọpụtara na clothesianidin na nrụgide thiamethoxam nwere ike ime ka ntọhapụ nke dopamine na oke, na thiacloprid nwere ike ime ka mmụba nke hormone thyroid na plasma oke.A na-eche na neonicotinoid pesticides nwere ike imetụta lactation Mmebi nke ụjọ na usoro endocrine nke anụmanụ.Nnyocha ihe atụ in vitro nke ụmị ọkpụkpụ mmadụ mesenchymal sel kwadoro na nitenpyram nwere ike ime ka DNA mebie na chromosomal aberrations, na-ebute mmụba nke ụdị oxygen intracellular reactive oxygen, nke n'aka nke ya na-emetụta ọdịiche osteogenic.Dabere na nke a, Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) butere usoro nyocha maka ụfọdụ ọgwụ ahụhụ neonicotinoid, yana European Safety Authority (EFSA) machibido ma gbochie imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na clothesianidin.
Ngwakọta nke ọgwụ nje dị iche iche nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị igbu oge nkwụsị nke otu ebumnuche pesticide na-emeziwanye ọrụ pesticide, kamakwa belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pesticides ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi, na-enye atụmanya sara mbara maka ibelata nsogbu sayensị ndị dị n'elu na. na-adigide ngwa nke pesticides.Ya mere, akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-achọ ịkọwa nyocha banyere nchịkọta nke neonicotinoid pesticides na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ n'ezie, na-ekpuchi organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate pesticides, pyrethroids Iji nye nkọwa sayensị maka iji ezi uche na njikwa dị irè nke neonicotinoid. ọgwụ nje.
1 Na-aga n'ihu na iji ọgwụ pesticides organophosphorus jikọtara ọnụ
Organophosphorus pesticides bụ ụdị ahụhụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahụkarị na njikwa ụmụ ahụhụ n'oge na obodo m.Ha na-egbochi ọrụ acetylcholinesterase ma na-emetụta neurotransmission nkịtị, na-eduga na ọnwụ nke pests.Organophosphorus pesticides nwere ogologo oge fọdụrụnụ, na nsogbu nke nsị gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa mmadụ na anụmanụ bụ ndị a ma ama.Ijikọta ha na neonicotinoid pesticides nwere ike ibelata nsogbu sayensị ndị dị n'elu nke ọma.Mgbe ngwakọta nke imidacloprid na ụdị organophosphorus pesticides malathion, chlorpyrifos na phoxim bụ 1: 40-1: 5, mmetụta nchịkwa na ikpuru leek ka mma, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke co-toxicity nwere ike iru 122.6-338.6 (lee Isiokwu 1)..N'ime ha, mmetụta nchịkwa ubi nke imidacloprid na phoxim na aphids rape dị elu dị ka 90.7% ruo 95.3%, na oge dị irè bụ karịa ọnwa 7.N'otu oge ahụ, a na-etinye nkwadebe ngwakọta nke imidacloprid na phoxim (aha ahia nke Diphimide) na 900 g / hm2, na mmetụta nchịkwa na aphids ndina n'ike n'oge uto dum bụ ihe karịrị 90%.Ngwakọta ngwakọta nke thiamethoxam, acephate na chlorpyrifos nwere ezigbo ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ megide kabeeji, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke co-toxicity ruru 131.1 ruo 459.0.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mgbe oke nke thiamethoxam na chlorpyrifos dị 1:16, njedebe ọkara na-egbu egbu (ọnụahịa LC50) maka S. striatellus bụ 8.0 mg / L, na ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity bụ 201.12;Mmetụta dị mma.Mgbe nha nke nitenpyram na chlorpyrifos dị 1∶30, ọ nwere mmetụta mmekọrịta dị mma na njikwa nke ahịhịa na-acha ọcha, na uru LC50 bụ naanị 1.3 mg/L.Nchikota nke cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos na dichlorvos nwere mmetụta synergistic dị mma na njikwa nke aphids ọka wit, owu bollworm na flea ebe, na ọnụọgụ co-toxicity bụ 134.0-280.0.Mgbe agwakọtara fluoropyranone na phoxim na nha nke 1: 4, ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity bụ 176.8, nke gosipụtara mmetụta synergistic doro anya na njikwa nke ikpuru leek dị afọ 4.
N'ichikota, a na-ejikọtakarị pesticides neonicotinoid na organophosphorus pesticides dị ka malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, wdg. A na-eme ka njikwa njikwa dị mma, na mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi na-ebelata nke ọma.A na-atụ aro ka ịmalite nkwadebe ngwakọta nke neonicotinoid ụmụ ahụhụ, phoxim na malathion, ma tinyekwuo uru nchịkwa nke nkwadebe ngwakọta.
2 Na-aga n'ihu n'ịgbakọta ya na ọgwụ pesticides carbamate
A na-eji ọgwụ pesticide carbamate eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ọrụ ugbo, ọhịa, na ịzụ anụmanụ site na igbochi ọrụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ acetylcholinease na carboxylesterase, na-ebute mkpokọta acetylcholine na carboxylesterase na igbu ụmụ ahụhụ.Oge ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ, na nsogbu nke iguzogide pesti dị njọ.Enwere ike ịgbatị oge iji ọgwụ pesticide carbamate site na iji ọgwụ pesticide neonicotinoid jikọtara ọnụ.Mgbe a na-eji imidacloprid na isoprocarb na-achịkwa ihe ọkụkụ na-acha ọcha na-acha ọcha na nha nke 7: 400, ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity ruru nke kachasị elu, nke bụ 638.1 (lee Isiokwu 1).Mgbe nha nke imidacloprid na iprocarb dị 1∶16, mmetụta nke ịchịkwa osikapa planthopper bụ ihe kacha pụta ìhè, ọnụọgụ toxicity bụ 178.1, na ogologo oge mmetụta dị ogologo karịa nke otu dose.Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosikwara na 13% microencapsulated nkwusioru nke thiamethoxam na carbosulfan nwere mmetụta nchịkwa dị mma na nchekwa na aphids ọka wit n'ọhịa.d abawanye site na 97.7% ruo 98.6%.Mgbe 48% acetamiprid na carbosulfan dispersible mmanụ nkwusioru etinyere na 36 ~ 60 g ai / hm2, akara mmetụta na owu aphids bụ 87.1% ~ 96.9%, na irè oge nwere ike iru 14 ụbọchị, na owu Aphid eke iro dị mma. .
N'ịchịkọta, a na-ejikọta ụmụ ahụhụ neonicotinoid na isoprocarb, carbosulfan, wdg, nke nwere ike igbu oge nkwụsị nke pests dị ka Bemisia tabaci na aphids, ma nwee ike ịgbatị ogologo oge nke pesticides., mmetụta nchịkwa nke nkwadebe ngwakọta dị nnọọ mma karịa nke otu onye na-elekọta mmadụ, a na-ejikwa ya eme ihe n'ezie na mmepụta ugbo.Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa ka ị kpachara anya maka carbosulfur, ngwaahịa na-emebi emebi nke carbosulfan, bụ nke na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu na amachibidoro na ịkụ ihe oriri.
3 Na-aga n'ihu na iji ọgwụ pesticides pyrethroid jikọtara ọnụ
Pyrethroid ụmụ ahụhụ na-akpata ọgba aghara neurotransmission site na-emetụta ọwa sodium ion ọwa na akwara akwara, nke na-eduga na ọnwụ nke pests.N'ihi itinye ego buru ibu, a na-eme ka nbibi na ikike metabolism nke pests dịkwuo elu, a na-ebelata ikike ebumnuche, yana nguzogide ọgwụ na-adị ngwa ngwa.Isiokwu 1 na-egosi na nchikota imidacloprid na fenvalerate nwere mmetụta nchịkwa dị mma na aphid nduku, na ọnụọgụ nke 2: 3 ruru 276.8.Ngwakọta nkwadebe nke imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na etherethrin bụ ụzọ dị irè iji gbochie iju mmiri nke ndị na-acha aja aja na-acha aja aja, ebe imidacloprid na etherethrin na-ejikọta ya na oke nke 5: 1, thiamethoxam na etherethrin na nha nke 7: 1 Ngwakọta ahụ bụ. nke kachasị mma, yana ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ toxicity bụ 174.3-188.7.Ngwakọta nkwusioru microcapsule nke 13% thiamethoxam na 9% beta-cyhalothrin nwere mmetụta synergistic dị ịrịba ama, yana ọnụọgụ toxicity bụ 232, nke dị na nso 123.6- N'ime oke nke 169.5 g / hm2, njikwa njikwa na Aphids ụtaba nwere ike iru 90%, ma ọ bụ isi ihe na-egbu egbu maka ịchịkwa ahụhụ ụtaba.Mgbe a na-emekọba clothesianidin na beta-cyhalothrin na nha nke 1: 9, ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity maka flea beetle bụ nke kachasị elu (210.5), nke na-egbu oge na-eme ihe na-eguzogide ákwà.Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke acetamiprid na bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin na fenvalerate bụ 1: 2, 1: 4 na 1: 4, ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity bụ nke kachasị elu, sitere na 409.0 ruo 630.6.Mgbe nha nke thiamethoxam: bifenthrin, nitenpyram: beta-cyhalothrin niile bụ 5: 1, ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ toxicity bụ 414.0 na 706.0, n'otu n'otu, na njikwa njikwa jikọtara ọnụ na aphids bụ ihe kacha pụta ìhè.Mmetụta nchịkwa nke Dharianidin na ngwakọta beta-cyhalothrin (LC50 uru 1.4-4.1 mg / L) na melon aphid dị elu karịa nke otu onye ọrụ (LC50 uru 42.7 mg / L), na nchịkwa nchịkwa na ụbọchị 7 mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị. dị elu karịa 92%.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nkà na ụzụ nke neonicotinoid pesticides na pyrethroid pesticides dịtụ tozuru okè, a na-ejikwa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na mgbochi na ịchịkwa ọrịa na ụmụ ahụhụ na mba m, nke na-egbu oge nkwụsị nke pyrethroid pesticides ma na-ebelata neonicotinoid pesticides.nsi nsi nke fọdụrụ na nke apụghị iche.Na mgbakwunye, ijikọ ngwa nke neonicotinoid ụmụ ahụhụ na deltamethrin, butoxide, wdg nwere ike ịchịkwa Aedes aegypti na Anopheles gambiae, nke na-eguzogide ọgwụ pesticides pyrethroid, ma na-enye nduzi maka mgbochi na ịchịkwa pests ịdị ọcha n'ụwa nile.mkpa.
4 Na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na ọgwụ pesticides amide
Amide ụmụ ahụhụ na-egbochikarị azụ ndị na-anabata nitin ụmụ ahụhụ, na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga n'ihu na-amakọ ma na-ekwe ka uru ahụ ha sie ike ma nwụọ.Nchikota nke neonicotinoid ụmụ ahụhụ na nchikota ha nwere ike ibelata nguzogide pesti ma mee ka usoro ndụ ha dị ogologo.Maka njikwa nke pests ndị e lekwasịrị anya, ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ toxicity bụ 121.0 ruo 183.0 (lee Tebụl 2).Mgbe agwakọtara thiamethoxam na chlorantraniliprole na 15∶11 iji chịkwaa larvae nke B. citricarpa, ọnụọgụ co-toxicity kacha elu bụ 157.9;thiamethoxam, clothesianidin na nitenpyram jikọtara ya na snailamide Mgbe oke ruru 10: 1, ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity ruru 170.2-194.1, na mgbe nha nke dinotefuran na spirulina dị 1: 1, ọnụọgụ co-toxicity bụ nke kachasị elu, yana mmetụta nchịkwa na N. lugens dị ịrịba ama.Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke imidacloprid, clothesianidin, dinotefuran na sflufenamid bụ 5: 1, 5: 1, 1: 5 na 10: 1, n'otu n'otu, njikwa njikwa bụ ihe kacha mma, na ọnụọgụ co-toxicity kacha mma.Ha bụ 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 na 403.8, n'otu n'otu.Mmetụta nchịkwa megide aphid owu (ụbọchị 7) nwere ike iru 92.4% ruo 98.1%, yana mmetụta nchịkwa megide nla diamondback (ụbọchị 7) nwere ike iru 91.9% ruo 96.8%, na ikike ngwa ahụ dị ukwuu.
N'ịchịkọta, nchịkọta nke neonicotinoid na amide pesticides ọ bụghị nanị na-ebelata ọgwụ mgbochi nke pests ndị a na-atụ anya ya, kamakwa ọ na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke iji ọgwụ eme ihe, na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba, ma na-akwalite mmepe kwekọrọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.Amide pesticides bụ ndị a ma ama na njikwa nke pests ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ, ma nwee mmetụta dị mma ngbanwe maka ụfọdụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu nwere oke nsi na ogologo oge fọdụrụnụ.Oke ahịa na-eji nke nta nke nta na-abawanye, ha nwekwara atụmanya mmepe sara mbara na mmepụta ugbo n'ezie.
5 Ọganihu n'ịgbakọta na benzoylurea pesticides
Benzoylurea ụmụ ahụhụ bụ chitinase synthesis inhibitors, nke na-ebibi ụmụ ahụhụ site na-emetụta mmepe ha.Ọ dịghị mfe iji ụdị ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-eguzogide ọgwụ, ma nwee ike ịchịkwa pests ndị a na-achọsi ike na-eguzogide ọgwụ organophosphorus na pyrethroid.A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na neonicotinoid pesticide formulations.Enwere ike ịhụ ya na Tebụl 2: Nchikota imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na diflubenzuron nwere mmetụta synergistic dị mma na njikwa nke leek larvae, na mmetụta kachasị mma mgbe thiamethoxam na diflubenzuron jikọtara na 5: 1.Ihe na-egbu egbu dị elu dị ka 207.4.Mgbe ngwakọta nke clothianidin na flufenoxuron bụ 2: 1, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke co-toxicity megide larvae nke leek larvae bụ 176.5, na mmetụta nchịkwa n'ọhịa ruru 94.4%.Nchikota nke cyclofenapyr na ọgwụ nje benzoylurea dị iche iche dị ka polyflubenzuron na flufenoxuron nwere mmetụta nchịkwa dị mma na nla diamondback na akwụkwọ mpịakọta osikapa, yana ọnụọgụ toxicity nke 100.7 ruo 228.9, nke nwere ike belata nke ọma itinye ego nke pesticides.
N'iji ya tụnyere organophosphorus na pyrethroid pesticides, ngwa nchikota nke neonicotinoid pesticides na benzoylurea pesticides na-adaba n'echiche mmepe nke pesticides green, nke nwere ike ịgbasa njikwa njikwa nke ọma ma belata ntinye nke pesticides.Gburugburu ebe obibi dịkwa mma karịa.
6 Na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na pesticides necrotoxin
Neretoxin ụmụ ahụhụ bụ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, nke nwere ike ịkpata nsị na ọnwụ ụmụ ahụhụ site na igbochi nnyefe nkịtị nke neurotransmitters.N'ihi ngwa ngwa ya sara mbara, ọ dịghị nchịkwa usoro na fumigation, ọ dị mfe ịzụlite nguzogide.Mmetụta nchịkwa nke ndị na-agba osikapa na tri stem borer ndị mepụtara nguzogide site na iji ọgwụ ahụhụ neonicotinoid jikọtara dị mma.Isiokwu 2 na-akọwapụta: mgbe imidacloprid na ụmụ ahụhụ na-ejikọta ya na 2: 68, mmetụta nchịkwa na pests nke Diploxin bụ ihe kasị mma, na ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity bụ 146.7.Mgbe oke nke thiamethoxam na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ dị 1: 1, enwere mmetụta synergistic dị ịrịba ama na aphids ọka, yana ọnụọgụ nrịbasị ahụ bụ 214.2.Mmetụta njikwa nke 40% thiamethoxam·insecticide otu onye nkwusioru ka dị elu ka ụbọchị 15th 93.0% ~97.0%, mmetụta na-adịte aka, yana nchekwa maka uto ọka.The 50% imidacloprid·insecticide mgbanaka soluble ntụ ntụ nwere ezigbo njikwa mmetụta na apple gold straipu nla, na njikwa mmetụta dị elu dị ka 79.8% ka 91.7% 15 ụbọchị mgbe pesti bụ zuru ntoju.
Dị ka ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ nke obodo m mepụtara n'onwe ya, ọgwụ ahụhụ na-enwe mmetụta maka ahịhịa, nke na-egbochi ojiji ya ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.Nchikota nke necrotoxin pesticides na neonicotinoid pesticides na-enye ihe nchịkwa nchịkwa maka ịchịkwa pests na-emepụta n'ezie, ma bụrụkwa ezigbo ngwa ngwa na njem mmepe nke pesticide compounding.
7 Na-aga n'ihu na iji ọgwụ pesticides heterocyclic jikọtara ọnụ
Heterocyclic pesticides bụ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu nke pesticides organic na mmepụta ugbo, na ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ogologo oge fọdụrụnụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-esiri ike imebi.Ngwakọta ya na pesticides neonicotinoid nwere ike belata n'ụzọ dị irè dose nke heterocyclic pesticides ma belata phytotoxicity, na ngwakọta nke obere ọgwụ pesticides nwere ike ịme mmetụta synergistic.Enwere ike ịhụ ya site na Tebụl 3: mgbe ọnụọgụ nke imidacloprid na pymetrozine bụ 1: 3, ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity ruru 616.2 kachasị elu;Njikwa Planthopper na-eme ngwa ngwa ma na-adịte aka.Imidacloprid, dinotefuran na thiacloprid jikọtara ya na mesylconazole n'otu n'otu iji chịkwaa larvae nke nnukwu gill black gill, larvae nke obere cutworm, na olulu mmiri.Thiacloprid, nitenpyram na chlorothiline jikọtara n'otu n'otu na ngwakọta nke mesylconazole nwere mmetụta nchịkwa dị mma na citrus psyllids.Nchikota nke 7 neonicotinoid ụmụ ahụhụ dị ka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na chlorfenapyr nwere mmetụta synergistic na njikwa nke ikpuru leek.Mgbe nhazi nke thiamethoxam na fipronil bụ 2: 1-71: 1, ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity bụ 152.2-519.2, nhazi nke thiamethoxam na chlorfenapyr bụ 217: 1, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke co-toxicity bụ 857.4, nwere doro anya. akara mmetụta na termites.Ngwakọta thiamethoxam na fipronil dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ nwere ike belata njupụta nke pests ọka wit n'ọhịa ma chebe mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi germinated.Mgbe ngwakọta ngwakọta nke acetamiprid na fipronil bụ 1:10, njikwa mmekọrịta nke ijiji ụlọ na-eguzogide ọgwụ bụ ihe kacha mkpa.
Na nchịkọta, nkwadebe ọgwụ pesticide heterocyclic bụ ọkachasị fungicides, gụnyere pyridines, pyrroles na pyrazoles.A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ịrụ ọrụ ugbo iji yiwe mkpụrụ osisi, meziwanye ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ osisi, na ibelata pests na ọrịa.Ọ dị oke nchebe maka ihe ọkụkụ na ihe ndị na-abụghị nke ebumnuche.Heterocyclic pesticides, dị ka ngwakọta nkwadebe maka mgbochi na ịchịkwa pests na ọrịa, nwere ezigbo ọrụ na-akwalite mmepe nke green agriculture, na-egosipụta uru nke ịzọpụta oge, ọrụ, akụ na ụba na ụba mmepụta.
8 Na-aga n'ihu n'iji ọgwụ pesticides dị ndụ na ọgwụ nje ndị ọrụ ugbo na-emekọ ihe
Ọgwụ nje na-egbu nje ndị dị ndụ na ọgwụ nje ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na-adị ngwa ime ihe, na-enwe mmetụta dị mkpirikpi, na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu.Site na iji ọgwụ pesticides neonicotinoid na-emekọ ihe, ha nwere ike ịme mmetụta synergistic dị mma, gbasaa ụdị njikwa ahụ, na-agbatịkwa nrụpụta ọrụ ma melite nkwụsi ike.Enwere ike ịhụ site na tebụl 3 na nchikota imidacloprid na Beauvera bassiana ma ọ bụ Metarhizium anisopliae mụbara ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ site na 60.0% na 50.6% n'otu n'otu mgbe 96 h ma e jiri ya tụnyere Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae naanị.Nchikota nke thiamethoxam na Metarhizium anisopliae nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na ọrịa fungal nke ọrịa akwa.Nke abuo, nchikota imidacloprid na Metarhizium anisopliae nwere mmetụta synergistic dị ịrịba ama na njikwa nke enwe ogologo ogologo, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke fungal conidia belatara.Iji imidacloprid na nematodes agwakọta ọnụ nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụọgụ nje nke aja aja, si otú a na-eme ka nnọgidesi ike n'ọhịa ha na ikike ịchịkwa ndụ ha.Ejikọta ojiji nke 7 neonicotinoid pesticides na oxymatrine nwere mmetụta dị mma na-achịkwa osikapa planthopper, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke toxicity coefficient bụ 123.2-173.0.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọnụọgụ co-toxicity nke clothesianidin na abamectin na 4: 1 ngwakọta na Bemisia tabaci bụ 171.3, na mmekọrịta ahụ dị ịrịba ama.Mgbe ọnụọgụ nke nitenpyram na abamectin bụ 1: 4, mmetụta nchịkwa na N. lugens maka ụbọchị 7 nwere ike iru 93.1%.Mgbe nha nke clothesianidin na spinosad bụ 5∶44, mmetụta nchịkwa bụ ihe kachasị mma megide ndị okenye B. citricarpa, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke co-toxicity nke 169.8, ọ dịghịkwa crossover n'etiti spinosad na ọtụtụ neonicotinoids gosiri Resistant, jikọtara ya na ezigbo njikwa mmetụta. .
Njikwa nkwonkwo nke ọgwụ nje na-egbu ndụ bụ ebe dị ọkụ na mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.A na-ahụkarị Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae nwere mmetụta njikwa mmekọrịta dị mma na ndị ọrụ kemịkalụ.Ihu igwe na-emetụta otu onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe, yana arụmọrụ ya anaghị akwụsi ike.Ngwakọta ya na ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ neonicotinoid na-emeri adịghị ike a.Mgbe ị na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-emepụta kemịkalụ, ọ na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa ngwa na mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide nke nkwadebe ngwakọta.A gbasaala ụdị mgbochi na njikwa, ma belata ibu gburugburu ebe obibi.Ngwakọta nke pesticides ndu na ọgwụ pesticides kemịkalụ na-enye echiche ọhụrụ maka mmepe nke pesticides green, na atụmanya ngwa dị ukwuu.
9 Na-aga n'ihu n'ịgbakọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu
Nchikota nke neonicotinoid pesticides na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu gosikwara mmetụta nchịkwa dị mma.Enwere ike ịhụ site na tebụl 3 na mgbe ejikọtara imidacloprid na thiamethoxam na tebuconazole dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ, mmetụta nchịkwa na aphid ọka wit dị oke mma, yana Biosafety na-abụghị nke ezubere iche ebe ọ na-eme ka ọnụọgụ mkpụrụ dị mma.Ngwakọta ngwakọta nke imidacloprid, triazolone na dinconazole gosipụtara mmetụta dị mma na njikwa nke ọrịa ọka wit na ụmụ ahụhụ.% 99.1%.Ngwakọta nke neonicotinoid ụmụ ahụhụ na syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) nwere mmetụta synergistic doro anya na aphid owu.Mgbe oke oke nke thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram na penpyramid bụ 50:1-1:50, ọnụọgụ ihe nrịbama bụ 129.0-186.0, nke nwere ike igbochi ma chịkwaa pests ndị na-amị mkpụrụ.Mgbe oke nke epoxifen na phenoxycarb dị 1: 4, ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity bụ 250.0, na mmetụta nchịkwa na osikapa planthopper kacha mma.Nchikota imidacloprid na amitimidine nwere mmetụta inhibitory doro anya na aphid owu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmekọrịta bụ nke kachasị elu mgbe imidacloprid bụ obere dose nke LC10.Mgbe oke oke nke thiamethoxam na spirotetramat bụ 10:30-30:10, ọnụọgụ nke co-toxicity bụ 109.8-246.5, na enweghị mmetụta phytotoxic.Na mgbakwunye, mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ ahịhịa greengrass, diatomaceous earth na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ adjuvants jikọtara ya na neonicotinoid pesticides nwekwara ike imeziwanye mmetụta nchịkwa na pests ndị e lekwasịrị anya.
Ngwa ngwa nke ndị ọzọ pesticides tumadi na-agụnye triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidines, amitraz, quaternary keto acid, ịnweta mmanụ na diatomaceous ụwa, wdg Mgbe screening pesticides, anyị kwesịrị ịdị njikere ka nsogbu nke phytotoxicity na n'ụzọ dị irè chọpụta mmeghachi omume n'etiti dị iche iche. ụdị pesticides.Ihe atụ ndị na-agbakọta ọnụ na-egosikwa na ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ na-egbu egbu nwere ike iji ọgwụ pesticide neonicotinoid na-ejikọta ya, na-enye ọtụtụ nhọrọ maka ịchịkwa pesti.
10 Mmechi na Outlook
Ojiji zuru ebe niile nke neonicotinoid pesticides emewo ka mmụba dị ukwuu na nguzogide ụmụ ahụhụ ndị a na-eche, na ọghọm ha na gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe egwu mkpughe ahụike aghọwo ebe nyocha ugbu a na ihe isi ike ngwa.Ngwakọta ezi uche dị na pesticides dị iche iche ma ọ bụ mmepe nke ndị na-ahụ maka insecticidal synergistic bụ ihe dị mkpa iji gbuo oge nguzogide ọgwụ, belata ngwa ngwa ma mụbaa arụmọrụ, yana usoro dị mkpa maka ijigide ngwa ngwa ọgwụ ndị dị otú ahụ na mmepụta ugbo n'ezie.Akwụkwọ a na-enyocha ọganihu ngwa nke ọgwụ nje neonicotinoid a na-ahụkarị yana nchikota na ụdị ọgwụ ndị ọzọ, ma dokwuo anya uru nke ngwakọta pesticide: ① na-egbu oge nkwụsị ọgwụ;② meziwanye mmetụta nchịkwa;③ ịgbasa ụdịdị njikwa;④ ịkwalite oge mmetụta;⑤ na-emezi mmetụta ngwa ngwa ⑥ Na-ahazi uto ihe ọkụkụ;⑦ Belata iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe;⑧ Meziwanye ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi;⑨ Belata ụgwọ akụ na ụba;⑩ Melite ọgwụ pesticides kemịkalụ.N'otu oge ahụ, elu anya kwesịrị ugwo na jikọtara gburugburu ebe obibi ikpughe nke formulations, karịsịa nchekwa nke na-abụghị ebumnuche ntule (dịka ọmụmaatụ, eke iro nke pests) na mwute kụrụ na dị iche iche ibu nkebi, nakwa dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị okwu dị otú ahụ. dị ka ọdịiche na mmetụta nchịkwa kpatara mgbanwe na njirimara kemịkalụ nke pesticides.Ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ọdịnala na-ewe oge ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-akwụ ụgwọ dị elu na ogologo nyocha na usoro mmepe.Dị ka ụzọ ọzọ dị irè, ngwakọta pesticide, ihe ezi uche dị na ya, nkà mmụta sayensị na ngwa a na-ahazi ọ bụghị nanị na-agbatị usoro ngwa nke pesticides, kamakwa na-akwalite usoro ziri ezi nke njikwa pesti.Mmepe na-adigide nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye nkwado siri ike.
Oge nzipu: Mee-23-2022