Ikuku dị ọcha, mmiri na ala ahụike dị mkpa na arụ ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emekọrịta ihe na mpaghara anọ nke ụwa iji kwado ndụ.Otú ọ dị, ihe mkpofu pesticide na-egbu egbu dị n'ebe nile na gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-ahụkarị ya na ala, mmiri (ma siri ike ma mmiri mmiri) na ikuku ikuku na ọkwa karịrị ụkpụrụ US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Ihe fọdụrụ na pesticide ndị a na-enweta hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation na biodegradation, na-eme ka ngwaahịa mgbanwe dị iche iche na-emekarị dị ka ogige nne na nna ha.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 90% nke ndị America nwere opekata mpe otu pesticide biomarker n'ime ahụ ha (ma ndị nne na nna na metabolite).Ọnụnọ nke ọgwụ na-egbu egbu n'ime ahụ nwere ike imetụta ahụike mmadụ, karịsịa n'oge ndụ adịghị ike dị ka nwata, oge uto, ime ime na ịka nká.Akwụkwọ sayensị na-egosi na ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu egbuola ogologo oge nwere mmetụta dị njọ na ahụike (dịka ọmụmaatụ ọrịa endocrine, ọrịa kansa, nsogbu ịmụ nwa / ọmụmụ, neurotoxicity, ọnwụ dị iche iche dị iche iche, wdg) na gburugburu ebe obibi (gụnyere anụ ọhịa, ụdị dị iche iche na ahụike mmadụ).Ya mere, ikpughe na pesticides na PD ha nwere ike inwe mmetụta ahụike na-adịghị mma, gụnyere mmetụta na usoro endocrine.
Ọkachamara EU na ndị na-akpaghasị endocrine (mbubreyo) Dr. Theo Colborne kewara ihe karịrị 50 pesticide arụ ọrụ dị ka endocrine disrupters (ED), gụnyere kemịkalụ na ngwaahịa ụlọ dị ka ncha, disinfectants, plastics na ụmụ ahụhụ.Nnyocha egosiwo na mmebi nke endocrine na-ebutekarị n'ọtụtụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu dị ka herbicides atrazine na 2,4-D, fipronil ụmụ ahụhụ anụ ụlọ, na dioxins na-emepụta (TCDD).Kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ahụ, mebie homonụ na ịkpata mmepe ọjọọ, ọrịa na nsogbu ịmụ nwa.Usoro endocrine bụ glands (thyroid, gonads, adrenal, na pituitary) na homonụ ha na-emepụta (thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone, na adrenaline).Ndị a glands na ha kwekọrọ na homonụ na-achịkwa mmepe, uto, mmeputakwa, na omume nke anụmanụ, gụnyere mmadụ.Ọrịa endocrine bụ nsogbu na-adịgide adịgide ma na-eto eto nke na-emetụta ndị mmadụ gburugburu ụwa.N'ihi ya, ndị na-akwado ya na-arụrịta ụka na amụma ahụ kwesịrị ịmanye iwu siri ike maka iji ọgwụ na-eme ihe na-eme ka nyocha siri ike na-adịte aka na-adịte aka nke ikpughe pesticide.
Ọmụmụ ihe a bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị ghọtara na ngwaahịa mmebi pesticide dị ka nsị ma ọ bụ ọbụna dị irè karịa ogige nne na nna ha.Gburugburu ụwa, a na-eji pyriproxyfen (Pyr) eme ihe maka njikwa anwụnta na ọ bụ naanị ọgwụ ahụhụ nke World Health Organisation (WHO) kwadoro maka njikwa anwụnta n'ime akpa mmiri ọñụñụ.Otú ọ dị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ asaa TP Pyrs nwere estrogen-na-ebelata ọrụ n'ime ọbara, akụrụ, na imeju.Malathion bụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-ewu ewu nke na-egbochi ọrụ acetylcholinesterase (AChE) na anụ ahụ ụjọ.Mgbochi nke AChE na-eduga na mkpokọta acetylcholine, neurotransmitter kemịkalụ maka ọrụ ụbụrụ na akwara.Mkpokọta kemịkalụ a nwere ike ibute nnukwu nsonaazụ dị ka mgbawa ngwa ngwa nke ụfọdụ akwara, ahụ mkpọnwụ iku ume, mgbakasị ahụ, na n'ọnọdụ dị oke njọ, agbanyeghị, mgbochi acetylcholinesterase abụghị nke akọwapụtara, na-eduga na mgbasa nke malathion.Nke a bụ nnukwu ihe iyi egwu nye anụ ọhịa na ahụike ọha.Na nchịkọta, ọmụmụ ahụ gosipụtara na TP abụọ nke malathion nwere mmetụta endocrine na-akpaghasị mmetụta na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, mmepụta hormone, na glucocorticoid (carbohydrate, protein, abụba) metabolism.Nbibi ngwa ngwa nke pesticide fenoxaprop-ethyl mere ka e guzobe TP abụọ na-egbu egbu nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 5.8-12 mụbaa ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọrụ estrogen.N'ikpeazụ, isi TF nke benalaxil na-adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi ogologo oge karịa ogige nne na nna, bụ estrogen receptor alpha antagonist, ma na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ okwu dịkwuo okpukpu atọ.Ọgwụ nje anọ dị n'ọmụmụ ihe a abụghị naanị kemịkalụ nwere nchegbu;ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-emepụtakwa ngwaahịa mmebi nsi.Ọtụtụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu nke amachibidoro iwu, ogige mgbochi pesticide ochie na nke ọhụrụ, na ngwaahịa kemịkal na-ewepụta mkpokọta phosphorus na-egbu egbu nke na-emerụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.
DDT pesticide amachibidoro na metabolite ya bụ DDE ka nọ na gburugburu ọtụtụ iri afọ ka ewepụrụ iji ya, ebe US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na-achọpụta mkpokọta kemịkalụ gafere ọkwa anabatara.Mgbe DDT na DDE na-agbaze na abụba anụ ahụ wee nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, DDE na-anọ ogologo oge n'ime ahụ.Nnyocha nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Nchịkwa Ọrịa (CDC) mere chọpụtara na DDE ebutela ozu nke pasent 99 nke ndị sonyere n'ọmụmụ ihe.Dị ka ndị na-akpaghasị endocrine, ikpughe na DDT na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ metụtara ọrịa shuga, mmalite menopause, mbelata sperm count, endometriosis, congenital anomalies, autism, vitamin D erughi, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, na oke ibu.Agbanyeghị, ọmụmụ egosila na DDE dị ọbụna nsi karịa ogige nne na nna ya.Metabolite a nwere ike inwe mmetụta ahụike multigenerational, na-akpata oke ibu na ọrịa shuga, yana n'ụzọ pụrụ iche na-abawanye ọrịa kansa ara n'ofe ọtụtụ ọgbọ.Ụfọdụ ndị agadi ọgbọ pesticides, gụnyere organophosphates dị ka malathion, na-mere si otu ogige dị ka World War II akwara ozi (Agent Orange), nke na-emetụta n'ụzọ dị njọ na ụjọ usoro.Triclosan, ọgwụ nje na-egbu egbu nke amachibidoro n'ọtụtụ nri, na-anọgide na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-emepụta ngwaahịa mmebi carcinogenic dị ka chloroform na 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD).
Kemịkalụ "ọgbọ ọzọ" gụnyere glyphosate na neonicotinoids, na-eme ngwa ngwa ma na-agbaji ngwa ngwa, n'ihi ya, o yikarịrị ka ha ga-ewuli elu.Agbanyeghị, ọmụmụ egosila na obere mkpokọta kemịkalụ ndị a na-egbu egbu karịa kemịkalụ ochie ma chọọ ọtụtụ kilogram obere ibu.Ya mere, ndakpọ ngwaahịa nke kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta toxicological yiri ya ma ọ bụ karịa.Nnyocha egosiwo na glyphosate herbicide na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ metabolite AMPA na-egbu egbu nke na-agbanwe okwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.Na mgbakwunye, metabolites ionic ọhụrụ dị ka denitroimidacloprid na decyanothiacloprid bụ 300 na ~ 200 ugboro na-egbu anụ mamma karịa nne na nna imidacloprid, otu n'otu.
Ọgwụ nje na TF ha nwere ike ịbawanye ọkwa nke nsi na-egbu egbu na nke na-egbu egbu na-ebute mmetụta ogologo oge na ụbara ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche.Ọgwụ ahụhụ dị iche iche n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a na-eme ka ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnweta ihe ndị a n'otu oge.Ọtụtụ mgbe, kemịkal ndị a na-emerụ emerụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ma ọ bụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mepụta mmetụta jikọtara ọnụ ka njọ.Mmekọrịta bụ nsogbu a na-ahụkarị na ngwakọta pesticide ma nwee ike ilele mmetụta nsị na ahụike mmadụ, anụmanụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.N'ihi ya, nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ ugbu a na-elelị mmetụta ọjọọ nke ihe mkpofu pesticide, metabolites na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ.
Ịghọta mmetụta endocrine na-akpaghasị ọgwụ pesticides na ngwaahịa mmebi ha nwere ike inwe na ahụike nke ọgbọ dị ugbu a na n'ọdịnihu dị oke mkpa.Aghọtachaghị ihe gbasara etiology nke ọrịa nke ọgwụ nje na-akpata, gụnyere oge a na-atụ anya igbu oge n'etiti mkpughe kemịkalụ, mmetụta ahụike, na data ọrịa na-efe efe.
Otu ụzọ isi belata mmetụta nke ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ịzụrụ, itolite na ịnọgide na-enwe ihe ọkụkụ.Ọtụtụ nchọpụta egosila na mgbe ị na-atụgharị gaa na nri organic kpamkpam, ọkwa metabolites pesticide na mmamịrị na-agbada nke ukwuu.Ọrụ ugbo nke organic nwere ọtụtụ uru ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ibelata mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo na-akpa ike.Enwere ike ibelata mmetụta ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke ọgwụ na-egbu egbu site na ịnakwere omume organic na-emegharị ahụ na iji usoro nchịkwa pesti kacha nta na-egbu egbu.N'iburu n'ụzọ zuru ebe niile nke usoro ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ọgwụ pesticide, ma ezinụlọ ma ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike itinye omume ndị a iji mepụta gburugburu ebe nchekwa na ahụike.
Oge nzipu: Sep-06-2023